Tsarin ƙarni goma na gine-gine a Prague

Daya daga cikin mafi kyau birane a Turai ne Prague, babban birnin Jamhuriyar Czech. Birni ne mai tarihi mai yawa saboda wasu mahimman abubuwan da suka faru a Turai suna da babin su anan.

Wannan tarihin shine abin da ya ba shi kyakkyawan yanayin birni mai ban mamaki da ban mamaki. Arnin gine-gine ana iya ganin su a titunan Prague kuma zamuyi magana akan hakan a cikin labarin yau.

Prague, birni

Celts sune mutanen farko da suka fara zama anan cikin kwanciyar hankali, daga baya Jamusawa da Slav suka iso. An kafa Prague a cikin karni na XNUMX. Sarakunan Bohemia sun sanya Prague wurin zama na gwamnatinsu kuma yawancin waɗannan sarakunan sun kasance daga ƙarshe Sarakunan Rome masu tsarki.

Prague yayi girma sosai a karni na XNUMX lokacin da Sarki Charles na hudu ya faɗaɗa garin tare da sabbin gine-gine a ɓangarorin biyu na Vltava, tare da haɗa su da gina gada. Zuwa karni na XNUMX Bohemia ya shiga hannun Habsburgs kuma don haka Prague ta zama lardin Austriya.

Bayan Yaƙin shekara 30, birni ya ci gaba da bunƙasa tattalin arziƙi kuma an fassara bonanza zuwa canje-canje na gine-gine. Sannan yaƙe-yaƙe biyu na duniya zai zo kuma Czechoslovakia, a ƙarƙashin ikon Soviet. A ƙarshe, a cikin 1989 Prague ta yi ban kwana da gurguzu, kasancewar cibiyar abin da ake kira Juyin Juya Hali.

Czechoslovakia ta ɓace daga taswirar kuma an haifi ƙasashe biyu: Czech Republic da Slovakia. Prague ta kasance babban birni na tsohuwar tun daga lokacin.

Gine-gine a Prague

Tare da wannan adadin ƙarni na rayuwa gaskiyar ita ce Prague tana da kyawawan halaye iri-iri, na yawancin salon da suke tare. Kuma kasancewar ba babban birni bane, yana da kyau a bincika shi sosai da ƙafa, don yabawa da wannan tarin gine-ginen.

Zamu iya magana game da wadannan tsarin gine-gine a Prague: Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque, Rococo, Classical and Imperial, Historicistist, Moorish Revival, Art-Noveau, Cubism da Rondocubism, Functionalist and Communist.

Romanesque gine a Prague

Sunan Romanesque ya gaya mana cewa wannan gine-ginen yana da alaƙa da Romawa kuma salo ne wanda aka sanya shi a Turai a tsakiyar zamanai, a bayyane yake wahayi zuwa da na gargajiya tsufa.

Gine-ginen Romanesque sun haɗu da salon Roman da na Byzantine kuma ana amfani da su arches, ginshiƙai masu ƙawa, masu ƙarfi da tsaffin hasumiya, bango masu faɗi da kango. Gine-ginen suna da sauƙi da daidaituwa.

Wane irin tsarin Romanesque yake a Prague? To akwai Rotunda na Mai Tsarki Cross, daga ƙarshen karni na XNUMX, a cikin tsohon garin. Wani rotunda, madauwari gini, shine na San Martin, mafi tsufa a cikin birni Ya samo asali ne daga lokacin Vratislav I. Yana daga karni na XNUMX kuma ana buɗe shi ne kawai yayin hidimomin addini.

Akwai kuma rotunda na St. Longinus, akan titin Stepanska kuma kusa da Cocin San Stepan. Ita ce ƙaramar rotunda a cikin birni kuma ta faro daga rabin rabin karni na XNUMX. Muna da Basilica na Saint GeorgeKodayake tana da wasu abubuwa na baroque wadanda aka kara mata a karni na goma sha bakwai, amma tana riƙe da cikin ban mamaki da ban mamaki.

Gothic gine a Prague

Kamar yadda muka fada a sama, salon Romanesque ya zama Gothic a Faransa a cikin karni na XNUMX. Daga baya ya fadada a duk sauran kasashen Turai har zuwa karni na XNUMX, don samun wani farfadowa a cikin karni na XNUMX. Wannan salon yana da halin Nununun baka, gilashi masu launuka masu launi, manyan riɓi da manyan wurare. Salo ne da ake gani sosai a majami'u sannan daga baya a jami'o'i. Tana magana ne game da girman Allah da ilimi.

A cikin Prague mun ga tsarin Gothic da farko a cikin Charles Bridge, kyau, an dawo da shi kwanan nan. Akwai kuma Cocin St. Vitus, wanda Charles IV ya ba da izini a cikin 1344, kuma ya samo asali daga manyan cocin Faransa, kuma Cocin na Uwargidanmu kafin Tyn. Wannan cocin yana tsakiyar garin kuma yana da ban sha'awa, musamman da daddare. An gina shi a cikin 1365 tare da kuɗi daga 'yan kasuwar Jamusawa.

Akwai kuma Hasumiyar Foda Tsayin mita 65, wanda Matous Rejsek ya gina a 1475. Tana nan a farkon Hanyar nadin sarauta kuma tana da girma sosai. Ana biye da shi Zuhumar San Agnes de Bohemia, kafa ta Princess Agenes na Premyslid a 1231. Yana da ginin gothic mafi tsufa a Prague kuma na kasance cikin umarnin Franciscan. Hakanan ya zama abun magana ga wannan daular.

La Gidan Bell Stone Yana kan Old Town Square kuma wani kyakkyawan misali ne na Gothic a Prague. An gina shi a karni na 80 kuma an dawo dashi gaba ɗaya a cikin XNUMXs na karni na XNUMX.

Gine-ginen Renaissance a Prague

Gine-ginen Renaissance ya bunkasa tsakanin farkon karni na XNUMX da na XNUMX. Florence da dome dinta misalai ne. Wannan salon ya bazu zuwa Italiya da farko sannan zuwa Faransa, Jamus da kasashe makwabta, har ya isa Rasha.

Gine-ginen Renaissance ya kawo abubuwan al'adun Girka da Roman don haka ya dawo zuwa daidaitaccen yanayi, lissafi da rabbai na wancan lokacin. yaya? Amfani da ginshiƙai, ƙuduri, maɓuɓɓuka, ginshiƙai da frescoes.

A cikin Prague ana iya ganin salon Renaissance a cikin Fadar Sarauta ta Sarauta, Ferdinando I ya ba da izini a cikin 1538 don matarsa, Sarauniya Anne. Har ila yau a cikin Dakin wasaYana cikin Royal Gardens, wanda ya fara daga tsakiyar karni na XNUMX. An yi wasan Tennis da badmington a nan, aƙalla a cikin sifofinsu na gargajiya. Wani misali shi ne Fadar Schwarzenberg, a cikin Hradcanske Square, a cikin baƙi da fari a duk faɗinsa.

El Tauraron Fadar bazara Yana da wani Renaissance gini, da kyau daidaito, da kuma ma Gidan Minti, a cikin tsohon dandalin garin. Yana da kyakkyawar shimfidar fuska tare da zane daga tatsuniyoyin Girka da wasu bayanan nassosi ma. Ya samo asali ne daga farkon karni na XNUMX kuma an yi imanin cewa shagon taba ne.

Baroque gine a Prague

Salon baroque an haifeshi ne a farkon karni na goma sha bakwai a kasar Italia kuma ya bunkasa kafada da kafada da Katolika da kuma Jiha. Wannan salon An san shi da zane-zanen furanni, launuka masu yawa, haske, inuwa, zane-zane, frescoes kala kala da zinare dayawa. Manyan mutanen Italiya da cocin sun inganta wannan salon don haka ya nuna ikonsu da dukiyoyinsu.

A Prague ana ganin wannan salon a cikin Cocin Uwargidanmu ta Nasara, waɗanda Turawan Lutheran na Jamus suka gina a 1613. Ya shiga hannun 'Ya'yan Karmeliyawa a cikin 1620. The Kogin Strahov Yana kan tsauni kuma shine na biyu mafi tsufa a gidan ibada a cikin birni. Ya samo asali ne tun daga ƙarni na XNUMX kuma yana da ban sha'awa, wuri ne mai lumana da kyau.

Akwai kuma Cocin San Nicolás, tare da dome tsawa, daga ƙarni na XNUMX. Da Château Troja An kewaye shi da kyawawan lambuna da tsofaffin gonakin inabi. An gina ta ne da kuɗin gidan Sternberg masu wadata kuma baza ku iya rasa shi ba. Loreta Daga 1626 ne kuma ya san yadda ake kasancewa a hannun sufayen Capuchin. A da yana da wurin zuwa aikin hajji kuma yana da kyawawan frescoes.

El Fadar Sternberg Yana cikin Hradcanske Square an ɓoye shi a bayan gidan Archbishop. Bayan manyan ƙofofin ƙarfe akwai wannan ƙawannin Baroque da aka gina a ƙarshen karni na XNUMX.

Gine-ginen Rococo a Prague

A rococo haife shi a ƙarshen karni na XNUMX a cikin Turai ta Turai kuma sabon salo ya haɗu da abubuwan Faransa. Sunan shine haɗin ƙungiyar baroco Italiyanci tare da kalmar Faransa rockery, harsashi. Don haka wannan salon yana da wadatattun kayan kwalliya, kayan adon da aka yi wa lodi, kayan kwalliya, madubai, kayan agaji, zane-zane ...

A cikin Prague kuna samun salon rococo a cikin Fadar Archbishop wanda aka gina a karni na 1420, ya maye gurbin tsohon ginin rococo da aka ƙone a XNUMX. Babba, fari da ɗauka. Akwai kuma Fadar Kinsky, tare da facin ruwan hoda da fari wanda yake da kyau. An gina shi a tsakiyar karni na XNUMX.

Tsarin gargajiya da na masarauta a Prague

Wannan salon yana da halin kasancewa ɗorawa kuma ya juya halayyar gine-ginen jama'a ko'ina cikin duniya, maye gurbin salon ado na Rococo. Ya kasance salon siffa mai ban sha'awa, sober, fiye da na mutane da na Jiha fiye da masu martaba ko malamai.

A Prague mun ga ana nuna shi a cikin Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Prague, tare da ginshiƙanta, palonta mai haske da bangonsa fentin koren haske. A nan Mozart da kansa ya jagoranci ayyukansa.

Gine-ginen tarihi a Prague

Tarihi a cikin gine-gine da fasaha shine koma baya, zuwa tsarin gargajiya kodayake tare da wasu taɓa wasu salo kuma. Ba a gani sosai, saboda gine-gine ya kamata ya sa ido ba baya ba, amma har yanzu ana cewa a Prague.

Ina? A cikin National Museum a Prague, tun daga ƙarshen karni na XNUMX, a kan Wenceslas Square, da Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa daga lokaci guda, ciki na Gidan Opera na Jiha, daga 1888, da Babban ɗakin Hanavsky, a Lena Park, wanda aka gina a 1891 kuma a cikin salon neo-baroque mai yawan ƙarfe.

Akwai kuma Cocin San Pedro da San Pablo, a cikin sansanin soja na Vysehrad, neo-Gothic, tare da hasumiyoyi biyu masu karkace da Cocin Saint Ludmila, tare da facade mai ban sha'awa.

Gine-ginen farfaɗo na Moorish a Prague

A wani lokaci a cikin motsi na Romantic, Turai ta ƙaunaci salon Gabas, musamman a cikin karni na XNUMX.

A wancan lokacin an gina gine-gine da yawa a cikin salon farkawa na Moorish, kuma a cikin batun Prague mun ganshi a cikin Majami’ar Sifen na 1868, dangane da Alhambra da Majami’ar Jubilee na 1906.

Art-Nouveau gine a Prague

Salon da na fi so, dole ne in faɗi, hakan ya bayyana a wurare da yawa: kayan ado, tufafi, kayan ɗaki, gine-gine ... A Prague mun ga wannan kyakkyawan salon a cikin Gidan Karamar Hukumar na 1911, da Evropa Hotel a kan Wenceslas Square, gina a 1889, da Hotel Paris 1904 da Ginin Wilsonova a tashar jirgin kasa.

Akwai kuma Fadar Masana'antu, daya daga cikin na farko tsarin karfe a cikin waɗannan ƙasashe, ainihin gidan sarauta na gilashi da baƙin ƙarfe wanda aka fara daga 1891. A ƙarshe, har ila yau a cikin salon Art-Nouveau sune Babban Gida, a gaban gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa da kuma Tashar jirgin Vysehrad, an watsar da tashar da ta kasance mai ɗaukaka, da Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Vinohrady, da Villa salon, da Hanyar Koruna ko Villa Bilek wanda a yau yake matsayin Gidan Hoto na Municipal.

Tsarin Cubist da Rondocubist

Cubism yana tafiya tare da Paul Cezanne kuma ya samo asali ne daga shekaru goma na farko na karni na ashirin. Kubes, makirci, salon picassoko kuma musamman, wannan shine abin da wannan salon yake. Ba za a iyakance shi ga ƙasa guda ɗaya ba kuma a cikin Czechs za mu iya tuna masu zane-zane Emil Fila ko Josef Capek da masu zane-zane da masu zane-zane da yawa waɗanda suka bar alama a birni.

Don haka, a cikin wannan salon akwai Gidan Black Madonna, na ƙarfafa kankare, wanda aka gina tsakanin 1911 da 1912, da Villa Kovarovic, Makarantar daliban gine-gine. Akwai kuma wani kwandon fitila, kadai a cikin duniya, a kusurwar Wenceslas Square da Fadar Adria, da Bankin Legio, mafi rondocubist.

Gine-ginen aiki a Prague

Wannan salon yana cewa dole ne ginin ya daidaita da yadda ake amfani da shi, zuwa aikinsa, don haka ya zama yana da kyau share layuka da kadan ko babu daki-dakis da ado.

A cikin salon aiki shine Villa Muller, da Fadar Veletrzni, Ginin Manes 1930, da Cocin St. Wenceslas, daga 30s, da Barrandov Terrace, a kan kogin Vltava, kodayake abin baƙin ciki a cikin watsi da gaskiya. Ya kasance gidan abinci a 1929, yana da wurin wanka, baranda ...

Gine-ginen kwaminisanci a Prague

A ƙarshe, mun zo lokacin soviet da Prague Kwaminisanci kuma yana da nasa salon: babba, launin toka, kankare. Kyakkyawa mara kyau.

A Prague mun ganshi a cikin tsohon ginin majalisa, fara daga 60s, da gidan abinci Expo 58, a cikin Letna Park, da Crown Plaza Hotel daga 50s, da tKotva sashin shago, daga 1975, zuwa Hasumiyar Talabijin ta Zizkov Tsayin mita 216 da aka gina tsakanin 1985 da 1992, da panelaks, Gine-ginen gine-ginen da aka gina a gefen gari kuma wahayi ne daga Le Corbusier.

Bayan faduwar kwaminisanci, kadan ne aka gina a cikin Prague, amma ina tsammanin da yawan salon da aka warwatse ko'ina cikin gari, duk mai son tarihi, fasaha da gine-gine zai sami awowi na tafiya.


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