Shinkafa a China

Idan muka yi tunanin shinkafa, to muna tunanin China. Shinkafa da china suna da millenary da m dangantaka. Babu wata shakka cewa ita ce tushen abinci, amma akwai wanda ya san game da wannan hatsi wanda yake alama ita ce abincin duniya, da ke iya ciyar da miliyoyin mutane?

Yaya ake shuka shi, nawa ake samar da shi, kilo nawa ake cinyewa a kowane mutum, yaya shinkafa ta zama babba ga al'adun Sinawa? Duk wannan kuma ƙari, a cikin labarinmu a yau.

Asali da halayen shinkafa

Yana da hatsi, Na biyu mafi hatsi a duniya bayan masara. Shuke-shuke, na dangin ciyawa, yana da tushe mai kyau da zazzaɓi, ƙwanƙwara mai ƙwanƙwasa tare da ƙulli da ɗakunan ciki, tare da madadin ganyen sheathing da kore zuwa furanni farare.

Akwai nau'ikan shinkafa da yawa.

Sannan akwai gajerun hatsi, matsakaiciyar hatsi, doguwar hatsi, daji, shinkafar hatsi gabaɗaya kuma ana iya sanya shi a matsayin mai taushi, mai daɗi da launinsa, kuma a cikin masana'antun masana'antu, akwai shinkafar da aka dafa da shinkafa mai sauri.

Shinkafa a China

Noman shinkafa a China yana komawa baya, akwai maganar wasu 10 shekara dubu wataƙila, a lokacin sanannen Sarki Shennong. Daga baya, wayewar kasar Sin ta fadada a gefen Kogin Yangtze, tare da kyakkyawan yanayin noman shinkafa.

Da farko, sai masu kudi kawai zasu iya cin shinkafa, amma daga baya, a zamanin daular Han ya zama sanannen abincin yau da kullun. Gaskiyar ita ce nasarar shinkafa ita ce banda komai yana da sauki adanawa da dafa abinci, kuma idan aka hada shi da wani na gargajiya na Asiya, waken soya, zai zama kayan abinci mai gina jiki.

Ta haka ne, nasara ko rashin noman shinkafa ya kasance kuma har yanzu shine mabuɗin ga lafiyar ƙasa. Komai na iya haifar da cikar ciki ko yunwa mai ban tsoro kuma duk mutanen China sun riga sun dandana shi cikin lokaci.

Don haka, fasahar da ake amfani da ita don noman shinkafa ta kasance kuma tana da mahimmanci. Musamman abin da ke da alaƙa da ban ruwa na ƙasar don kula da matakin ruwa a cikin filayen, wanda ake kira filayen shinkafa. Shinkafa tana buƙatar ruwa mai yawa don girma kuma shukar tana jure babban ci gaba kamar wannan, fiye da wasu. Ana amfani da ban ruwa akan kashi 90% na filin shinkafa don sanya shi girma.

Gabaɗaya zurfin filin shinkafa yakai santimita 15 kuma matakin ruwa ana sarrafa shi ne da famfunan kafa tun daga daular Song. Wadannan filayen shinkafar gabaɗaya an gina su a farfaji, don haka amfani da mafi girman adadin farfajiya. Mun gan su a cikin hotuna da shirye-shiryen bidiyo, kyawawan shimfidar wuri, matsattsun shimfidar wurare tare da zagaye masu layi waɗanda suka rungumi duwatsu. Hanya mafi dacewa don amfani da ruwan sama.

Tabbas, noman shinkafa ba na kasar China bane kadai, domin yana bunkasa a duk inda zai samu ruwa. Ee hakika, 28% na shinkafa a duniya ana noma shi a kasar Sin a miliyoyin kadada na ƙasa. An shuka iri a kusan watan Afrilu kuma sun yi girma a watan Satumba, kuma a kudu, inda yake da dumi sosai, ana shuka shi sau biyu a shekara, tsakanin Maris zuwa Yuni da tsakanin Yuni da Nuwamba.

Noman shinkafa a China

Shinkafa girma daga tsaba wadanda aka kiyaye su a cikin ruwan sanyi. Don haka haka Bayan kwana 40 da kasancewa a wurin, ana tura su zuwa filin shinkafa. Akwai bangarorin kasar China inda ake kara kifi, kifi da kifin zinare a wadannan filayen shinkafar, don su ci kwari da zasu iya warin amfanin gona. Bayan haka, an noma shinkafa kuma ana cin kifi.

La girbi Ya haɗa da zazzage paddy, jiran shinkafar ta bushe, sannan kuma yanke shi da sanya shi a cikin kwandon shara. Daga nan sai aka raba hatsin daga tushe kuma aka bari ya bushe. Da zarar sun bushe ganye sun rabu da bambaro. Duk wannan ana amfani dashi da hannu kuma yana da matukar wahala, amma sa'a a kan lokaci suka yi aikin inji kodayake yana iya kasancewa a cikin wasu yankuna har yanzu akwai sauran aiki na hannu.

Amma Menene amfanin shinkafa a China? Musamman, shinkafa mai yalwa tana girma a kudu maso gabashin ƙasar, shinkafa ce takan tsaya idan an dafa sannan kuma a cikin fakiti an nade ta cikin ganyen bamboo. A gaskiya, dole ne a tuna cewa shinkafa gabaɗaya a tsaka tsaki a cikin abincin kasar Sin kuma kasancewar sa yana inganta zaƙi ko ɗanɗanar sauran abincin. Yana hidiman cika ciki da tausasa sauran dandano.

Anyi amfani da sitaci da aka samo daga dafa shinkafa tsawon ƙarni a cikin ginin gine-gine, kamar yadda turmi kashi. Hakanan ana amfani da ganyen shukar don yin takarda, takardar shinkafa, kuma hatsin kasa ya zama garin shinkafa yin taliya.

Don haka asali dukkanin tsire-tsire suna cin nasara. Ba tare da ambaton cewa fermenting rice din shima yana haifar ruwan inabi da ruhohi da yawa…

Amma kasuwancin shinkafa fa? Gaskiyar ita ce, ta hanyar lokaci shigo da shinkafa a China ya faɗi cikin farashi, don haka noma akan kasa mara kyau ya zama mara gasa.

Wannan yanayin ya hanzarta saboda ana buƙatar wannan ƙasar don masana'antu da gidaje, don haka filayen da ake nomawa ke ƙara zama ƙasa da ƙarami. A lokacin da ake noman shinkafa, a tsakiyar shekarun 70, an girbe shinkafa a kadada miliyan 37, don zuwa 31 a cikin 90s kuma kimanin miliyan 30 shekaru goma da suka wuce.

Kodayake gaskiya ne cewa shinkafa ita ce asalin abincin Sinanci, a wasu yankunan ƙasar alkama ta fi muhimmanci, a arewa, misali. Kuma kodayake shinkafa tana cikin abincin ƙasa, gaskiya ne mahimmancinta yana raguwa a cikin shekaru goma sha biyar da suka gabata. Bayanai na hukuma sun nuna haka kowane man shinkafa ya fadi kasa daga kilo 78 a kowace shekara a 1995 zuwa 76.5 a 2009.

Makwabta kamar Burma, Vietnam, Cambodia ko Thailand suma suna samar da shinkafa suna sayarwa China, don haka Kasar Sin ba kawai babbar masana'anta ba ce amma babbar mai siye. Kuma hakan zai ma fi haka nan gaba. Tana shigowa da fitarwa, kodayake shinkafar da China take fitarwa tana da matsakaiciya zuwa mara inganci. Tun shekara ta 2004 gwamnati ta bada tallafi tare da cire haraji akan harkar noma.

China babbar ƙasa ce kuma kamar haka, tare da yawan mutanen da ke ƙaruwa kowace shekara kusan miliyan 13, yana buƙatar samar da ƙarin 20% mafi shinkafa nan da 2030. Ta haka ne kawai za ta iya biyan buƙatun amfani da shinkafa na ciki ta kowace mata.

Ba zai zama da sauki ba, akwai karancin kasar noma, akwai karancin ruwa, akwai canjin yanayi, akwai karancin kwadago, karuwar bukatar amfani da shinkafa mai inganci, ga cutarwa ga wasu nau'o'in ... kuma ba shakka, matsaloli kamar ƙarancin kwayar hatsi, kan hadi, kan amfani da magungunan kashe qwari, zamanin tsarin ban ruwa wanda wasu lokuta ake kiyaye shi amma ba koyaushe ake sabunta shi ba, da sauransu.

Wato kenan tarihin shinkafa a China.


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  1.   Edy Lopez vazquez m

    Yana da kyau