Mutsika dzakakurumbira tese taiziva varume ve Sparta kuvonga bhaisikopo 300. Zvemukati mekirasi yenhoroondo zvakangoerekana zvaendeswa kubhaisikopo uye iyo firimu yakachinja chimiro chevaSpartan zvachose.
Asi hupenyu hwaive hwakaita sei chaizvo muSparta? Kunze kweiyo miviri yekuveza uye nehunyanzvi hwehondo, Hupenyu hwakanga hwakamira sei kuvarume veSpartaVakadzidziswa sei, mumhando dzipi dzemhuri, vakadzi vavo vaive vakaita sei?
Sparta, nhoroondo yayo
Sparta yaive guta-nyika yeGreek yekare, iri pamahombekombe erwizi Eurotas, muLaconia, kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kwe Peloponnesus. Hondo yemauto yakaitika kuma 650 BC uye ndeyechinyakare ruvengo neAtene munguva yeHondo yePeloponnesia, pakati pa431 na404 BC Akakunda hondo iyi uye akagona kuchengetedza kuzvitonga kwake kwezvematongerwo enyika kudzamara Roma yakunda Greece.
Mushure me kuwa kwehushe hweRoma uye chikamu chayo chakatevera, Sparta yaisakwanisa kupukunyuka kubva kunhamo iyoyo uye kupenya kwayo kwakadzikiraKunyangwe vanhu vayo vakapedzisira vasiya guta mukati meMiddle Ages.
Asi iwo mazana emakore ekukosha aive akakwana kuti ive nechitsauko chayo munhoroondo, uye izvo zvinokonzerwa nehurongwa hwayo hwemagariro pamwe nebumbiro rayo rinosimbisa kukosha kwehondo uye kugona kwayo.
Sangano reSpartan rakanyatso kuve rakakamurwa kuita strata: vaive vagari nekodzero dzavo dzese, dzinodaidzwa kuti maSpartan, asi paivewo neiyo mothakes, vanhu vaive vasiri maSpartan kunyangwe vakabva kuna vaSpartans, uye vaive vakasununguka. Paive zvakare neiyo periikoi, kwete maSpartans akasununguka uye iyo hellos, kwete vaSpartan vaive varanda vehurumende.
Varume veSpartan vaive vechokwadi protagonists venharaunda ino, ivo uye dzimwe nguva mamwe mothakes uye perioikoi, vakadzidziswa zvehondo uye vakave varwi vakanaka kwazvo. Vakadzi? Kumba, hongu, aine kodzero dzakapfuura vamwe vakadzi venguva yake.
Nhoroondo yeSparta inogona kukamurwa kuita prehistoric nguva, imwe yechinyakare, imwe Hellenic uye imwe yeRoma. Gare gare inoteverwa neyemashure-echinyakare uye ezvenguva nguva. Nguva yekutanga yakaoma kugadzirisa zvakare nekuti zvese zvinokanganiswa nehunhu mukutapurirana kweruzivo. Iyo yeClassic nguva, kune rumwe rutivi, ndiyo yakanyanya kunyorwa sezvo ichienderana nekusimbiswa kwesimba reSpartan mudunhu.
Pakugona kwayo, Sparta yaive nevagari vari pakati pezviuru makumi maviri nemakumi matatu., pamwe nemamwe mapoka evanhu vakaumba sangano rake. Neichi chiyero chevanhu Sparta yaive rimwe remaguta makuru-akakosha uye akakosha.
Iko kutenderedza nguva ino kuti kunozivikanwa Hondo yeThermopylae izvo zvatinoona mumuvhi, vachipesana neuto rePersia. Zvinhu zvakaitika zvishoma senge mufirimu, iyo inoguma nekuremekedzwa kukundwa kwevaSpartans. Muhupenyu chaihwo, gore rakazotevera, Sparta inokwanisa kutsiva nekuve chikamu chemubatanidzwa wechiGreek kurwisa maPersia, kuHondo yePlataea.
Apa maGreek akakunda uye nekukunda ikoko Hondo yechiGreek - Persian uye vavariro dzevaPersia kupinda muEurope dzakapera. Kunyangwe waive mubatanidzwa wechiGreek wakavapedza, mumubatanidzwa iwoyo huremu hwevarwi vakanaka veSpartan, vatungamiriri veuto reGreek, hwakakosha zvakanyanya.
Uyewo mune ino yechinyakare Sparta yakawana uto rayo yega, apo pachinyakare rakanga riri simba repasi. Uye yakaita zvakanaka kwazvo zvekuti yakasiya mhare dzeAtene. Muchokwadi, pakanakisa Sparta yaive isingamiswe uye yaitonga nharaunda yese uye mazhinji mamwe maguta-matunhu zvakare, uye kunyange yanhasi Turkey.
Simba iri rakamupa vavengi vakawanda saka aifanira kutarisana nedzimwe nyika dzechiGiriki muHondo yeKorinde. Muhondo iyi, Argos, Corinth, Atene neThebes vakabatana kurwisa Sparta, pakutanga vakakurudzirwa uye vakatsigirwa nevaPersia. Sparta yakatambura kukundwa kwakakosha paHondo yeCridus, umo maGreek nemaFenike varwi vakapinda mukurwisa parutivi rweAtene, uye kushushikana kwayo kwekuwedzera kwakaderedzwa.
Mushure memamwe makore ekurwa, rugare rwakasainwa, iyo Runyararo rweAntalcidas. Naiye, ese maguta eGreek eIonia akadzokera kuPersia aegis uye muganho wePersia weAsia wakasunungurwa kubva kutyisidziro yeSpartan. Kubva ipapo zvichienda mberi, Sparta yakave yakaderera uye zvishoma kukosha. mune zvematongerwo enyika echiGreek, kunyangwe padanho remauto. Uye chokwadi ndechekuti haana kuzombopora kubva mukukundwa kuHondo yeLeuctra uye iyo kunetsana kwemukati pakati pevagari vayo vakasiyana.
Munguva dze Alexander mukuru hukama hwake naSparta hwakanga husiri hwese hwakasimba zvakare. Muchokwadi, maSpartans vaisada kubatana nevamwe maGiriki muChibvumirano chakakurumbira cheCorinthia payakaumbwa, asi vakamanikidzwa kuzviita gare gare. Mu Punic Hondo Sparta yakatsigira neRepublic Republic, achigara achiedza kuchengetedza rusununguko rwake, asi pakupedzisira akazopedzisira arasikirwa naro mushure mekukundwa Hondo yeLaconia.
Mushure mekudonha kwehushe hweRoma nyika dzeSparta dzakaparadzwa nemaVisigoth uye vagari vayo vakashanduka kuita varanda. MuMiddle Ages Sparta yakarasikirwa nekukosha kwayo nariini, uye yazvino Sparta yaifanira kumirira mazana mazhinji emakore, kusvika muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX, kuti ivhurwe namambo wechiGreek Otto.
Sparta, nzanga yayo
Sparta yakanga iri oligarchy inotongwa neimba yeumambo imba, nhengo dzayo dzaibva kumhuri mbiri, Agiad neEurypontid. Ivo vaiti vanobva kuHeracles. Iwo madzimambo aive nawo zvechitendero, zvechiuto uye zvekutongwa. Panyaya dzezvinamato mambo vaive mupirisita wepamusoro soro, munyaya dzekutongwa zvirevo zvake vaive nesimba uye munhau dzechiuto ndivo vaive mutungamiri chaiye.
Kururamisira kwevanhu kwaitongwa zvakanyanya neboka revatariri vakuru, varume vakuru makumi maviri nemasere vari mumakore makumi matanhatu, kazhinji vari vemhuri dzehumambo. Zvese zvakakurukurwa pakati pavo uyezve nyaya yaibvunzwa yakapfuudza kune rimwe boka revanhu, asi panguva ino vagari veSpartan, vakavhota zvakataurwa nevakuru. Dzimwe dzenyaya dzesangano uye kunyange masimba amambo aichinja nekufamba kwenguva, mukurasikirwa nemasimba akakwana.
Mukomana weSpartan akadzidziswa kubva achiri mudiki uye dzimwe nguva paive nevana vekunze vaitenderwa dzidzo iyoyo. Kana mutorwa aive akanaka kwazvo, saka pamwe akapihwa ugari.
Asi dzidzo iyi yakabhadharwa Saka kunyangwe iwe waive Spartan, pasina mari pakanga pasina dzidzo uye pasina dzidzo pakanga pasina hukama. Asi kwaive neimwe mhando yedzidzo yeavo vaive vasina kubva pakutanga, vagari. Yakatumidzwa zita periikoi, uye yaive yakagadzirirwa avo vaive vasiri maSpartan.
Iwe unofanirwa kuziva izvo muchokwadi muSparta, ivo veSpartans pachavo vaive vashoma. Vazhinji vaive helots, vanhu avo pakutanga vaibva kuLaconia neMessenia uye kuti veSpartans vakakunda muhondo uye vakaitwa varanda. VaSpartan havana kuuraya varume nevakadzi uye vana vakave rudzi rwevaranda. Ipapo, mahelmet akawedzera kuita semasefisi, sekune mamwe maguta eGreek-states.
MaHelots aigona kuchengeta makumi mashanu kubva muzana yezvibereko zvevashandi uye nekuroora, vanonamata uye vane chimwe chinhu, kunyangwe kana kwete kodzero dzezvematongerwo enyika. Uye kana vanga vakapfuma zvakakwana, tenga rusununguko rwavo. Sei? Zvakanaka, muSparta varume vakazvipira kuita 100% kuhondo saka vaisakwanisa kuita mabasa emawoko, ndozvainge zviri mahero. Hukama hwaive husina kana mamwe macrispy, asi sezviri pachena maSpartans aivimba navo sezvo ivo vaitogadzira mauto ehondo ehero.
Muchokwadi, kwaitove nekumukira kwevaranda muAthens uye avo vakatizira vakamhanyira kuAtica kunotsvaga utiziro pakati pemauto eSpartan. Uye ndezvekuti chikamu ichi chevanhu veSpartan chakachiita chakasarudzika. Chero zvazvingaitika, pakupedzisira, pakanga paine kusagadzikana sezvo maheotots aive mazhinji. Uye zvakadii nezvevamwe, iyo periikoi? Kunyangwe vaive nehumwe hukama hwakafanana nehwahelots, vaive vasina chinzvimbo chimwe chete. Hazvizivikanwe chaizvo zvavaive, sezvo vaive vakasununguka asi vasina zvibvumirano zvakafanana neyaikwikwidza.
Asi kana kuve helot kana perioikoi kwanga kusiri nyore, kana kuve Spartan. Kana mwana akazvarwa, kana akaremara kana kurwara, aikandwa kubva kuGomo reTaygetos. Dai ndaive mukomana akatanga kudzidziswa aine makore manomwe kuti uwane kurangwa uye kugona kwepanyama. Vakapihwa zvekukwana chete, kwete zvakanyanya, kuti vadzidze kurarama nezvishoma. Pamusoro pekudzidza kurwa uye kubata zvombo, vakadzidzawo kutamba, mimhanzi, kuverenga nekunyora.
Pane rimwe zera zvainge zvakajairwa kuti ivo vaive nemupi chipangamazano, kazhinji ari mudiki, asina kuroora munhu mukuru anogona kuvakurudzira semuenzaniso. Zvinonzi zvakare nhasi kuti vaive vanoita zvepabonde, kunyange isingazivikanwe zvechokwadi. Nekuremekedza dzidzo yevasikana Chishoma kwazvo chinozivikanwa, kunyangwe ichifungidzirwa kuti ivo vaidzidziswawo nehana, kunyangwe vachisimbisa zvimwe zvinhu.
Pazera remakore makumi maviri, mugari wemuSpartan aive chikamu chekirabhu yenhengo dzinosvika gumi nemashanu, iyo syssia. Chisungo chavo chakaguma chave padyo chaizvo uye pazera remakore makumi matatu chete ndivo vaigona kumhanyira kuhofisi yeruzhinji. Kusvikira zera ramakumi matanhatu ivo vaishanda. Vakaroora vari makumi maviri asi ivo vaingova nemhuri yavo chete pa30 pavakange vachirega basa kubva kuhondo.
Chokwadi ndechokuti nezve hupenyu hwemauto hweSparta pane zvakawanda ngano, ese akashongedzwa. Kune iro remukadzi anomupa nhovo asati aenda kuhondo, kumuudza "Paari kana naye," kureva kuti, akafa kana anokunda. Asi muchokwadi, vakafa vaSpartan havana kudzoka, vakavigwa kunhandare yehondo. Imwe ngano inotaura nezvaamai veSpartan vanovenga vana vavo vasina kusimba, asi zvinoita sekunge ichokwadi zvirevo izvi zvakatangira muAthens, kuvazvidza.
Kutaura nezvevakadzi, vanaamai nemadzimai ... Ko imba yaive yakaita sei muSparta? Plutarch inoti tsika ye "Muroora". Musikana akabva agerwa musoro ndokupfeka semurume kuti arare pabhedha murima. Saka mukomana aipinda kana tapedza kudya ozoita bonde naye.
Tichifunga izvi, hapana kushomeka kwevanhu vanofungidzira kuti tsika iyi, yakasarudzika kuSparta, inotaura zvakajeka kuti mukadzi anofanira kuzvishandura semurume kuitira kuti murume wake atange kurara naye, akajaira bonde pakati pevarume .. .
Kupfuura izvozvo, Spartan mukadzi akabata yakasarudzika nzvimbo pakati pevakadzi vekare. Sezvo ivo vakazvarwa vaipihwa chikafu sehama dzavo, havana kugara pamba, vaigona kurovedza muviri panze uye vanoroora kusvika pakuyaruka kana kunyange muma20s. Pfungwa iyi yaive yekudzivirira nhumbu diki kwazvo kuitira kuti vana vane hutano vaberekwe uye vakadzi varege kufa kare.
Uye kuona zvakare ropa rakasimba tsika ye share mukadzi yakagamuchirwa. Zvichida murume mukuru akapa jaya mvumo yekurara nemukadzi wake. Kana kana mukuru aisakwanisa kuita vana. Zviripachena, tsika dzaifambirana nenyaya yekuti varume vaifa muhondo uye zvaidikanwa kuti zvisapedza huwandu hwevanhu. Uye zvakare, vakadzi vaive vakadzidza uye vaine rimwe izwi ravo, kusiyana nevakadzi veAtene nemamwe maguta-matunhu.
Wanga uchiziva zvese izvi nezve Sparta?