Dzinonyanya kukosha mitauro yeIndia

India ndiyo imwe yenyika dzakakura uye dzine vanhu vakawanda pasi rose. Ane zvinopfuura 1.400 mamiriyoni vanogara uye ndiyo nyika yechinomwe pakukura panyika. Hofori chaiyo. Uye hongu, vanhu vazhinji vanotaura mitauro yakati wandei, kutaura zvazviri, tiri kushamisika ... chii chiri mitauro inonyanya kukosha yeIndia?

Mitauro inodarika makumi maviri inotaurwa munyika sezvo paine matunhu akati wandei, asi isu tinogona kuita runyorwa mupfupi nekuzvironga mune runyorwa rwemitauro yakakosha Saka, tinogona kudzikamisa kusvika gumi.

Hindi

Tinotanga ne mutauro unonyanya kuzivikanwa pane zvese uye uyo anotaura vanhu vazhinji kwazvo munyika. Zvinoverengerwa izvo 336 mamirioni vanhu vanotaura Hindi. Izvi zvinomiririra 40% yehuwandu hwenyika, saka nenhamba yakakura kudaro yevatauri ndiyo imwe yemitauro miviri iyo ine "yepamutemo" chinzvimbo.

Hindi inotaura muRajasthan, Uttarakhand, Delhi kana Bihar, semuenzaniso. ChiHindi mutauro unobva mavambo anotevedzwa kudzoka mumutauro unotaurwa mukati nekukomberedza Delhi munguva dzekare. Isati yamiswa pamwero wakakomberedza mutauro weDelhi pakanga paine zvimwe zvakasiyana, asi kubva muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX zvichienda mberi, chiHindi chemazuvano chakatanga kushanduka uye chikave chakakurumbira apo makoloni eBritish akachigamuchira senge lingua franca.

Nhasi uno ndiwo mutauro wepamutemo mumatunhu mapfumbamwe nematunhu matatu uye, sezvatakataura, ndiwo mumwe wemitauro miviri yepamutemo yenyika (chimwe chiChirungu).

Bengali

Ndiyo wechipiri unonyanya kutaurwa mutauro muIndia kuseri kweHindi. Zvinotendwa kuti zvikamu zvisere kubva muzana zvevanhu vanozvitaura uye saizvozvo vakadaro Miriyoni mazana masere vatauri ayo anonyanya kutemerwa kumabvazuva kwenyika.

Uyu mutauro wakasimudzira makore anodarika 1300, asi fomu razvino rakatanga muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX nerechiXNUMX. Nhasi ndiwo mutauro wepamutemo weBangladesh Uye kunyangwe ichinyanya kutaurwa mune mamwe matunhu eIndia kune zvakare mashoma madhorobha eIndia senge Delhi, Mombai kana Varanasi.

Nyanzvi dzinozviona wechipiri mutauro wakanaka kwazvo pasirese chiFrench, uye Zuva Renyika Dzese Ramai Rudzi rakavakirwa pamutauro wechiBangali.

Telugu

Mutauro wechiTelugu unotaurwa 82 mamiriyoni evanhu muIndia, ingangoita 7% yehuwandu hwevanhu. Isu tinonyanya kuiwana kumatunhu ekumaodzanyemba seTelangana, iyo Nicobar Islands, Pradesh kana Andaman.

Iyo ine peculiarity yekuti ndiyo chete mutauro munzvimbo yekumabvazuva kwenyika ine mazwi ese anopera nevhawero. Kune nharaunda yakakura kwazvo yevatauri veTelugu muUnited States uye iri kuramba ichikura.

Kunakidzwa chokwadi: Iyo yeTelugu alfabheti inoonekwa seyechipiri akanakisa mavara kumashure kweKorea.

Marathi

Chikamu chakafanana chevaIndia vanotaura uyu mumwe mutauro, Marathi. Kunyangwe muIndia inotaurwa kwese kwese 72 mamiriyoni evanhu zvinofungidzirwa kuti kuwedzera vasiri maIndia kune vangangoita mamirioni makumi mapfumbamwe.

Marathi inotaurwa mumatunhu eGoa, Daman, Maharashtra, Dadra, Diu, neNagar Haveli. Mazhinji emashoko ake akatorwa kubva kuPersian, Urdu, uye Arabic. Izvo zvinokatyamadza, munguva dzino dzekubatanidzwa uye kushoropodzwa uye shanduko mumitauro mhenyu, ndeyekuti Marathi ane matatu echikadzi maitirohongu, kwete vaviri. Iko kune neuter isiri yemukadzi kana yechirume.

Tamil

Inofungidzirwa kuti kune MaIndia emamiriyoni mazana mashanu kutaura Tamil, 6% yevagari vemunyika. Tamil inofungidzirwa mumwe wemitauro yepasichigare pasi rese, sezvo kwayakatangira kwakadzokera kumashure kusvika mazana mashanu BC

ChiTamil chinotaurwa mumatunhu eAndaman, iyo Nicobar Islands, Tamil Nadi, Kerala, uye Puducherry.

Kannada

Zvinotaridza kuti mutauro uyu unotaurwa ne 55 mamiriyoni evanhu, iyo yaizomiririra 4% yevagari veIndia. Izvo zvakare zvinotendwa izvozvo ndiwo mutauro wekaresa munyika, kunyangwe pamberi peTamil neSanskrit. Kana zvirizvo, zvingave zvinopfuura makore mazana maviri nemazana mashanu ekuberekwa ...

Kannada inotaurwa mumatunhu eKerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, neKarnataka. Kannada ine makonzonendi makumi matatu nemana nemavhawero gumi nematatu uye ndiwo wega mutauro wechiIndia uyo mutorwa akaitira duramazwi. Munhu aitarisira aive Ferdinand Kittel.

Urdu

Uyu mutauro une mavambo awo muCentral Indo-Aryan budiriro uye inomiririra 5% yevagari veIndia. Sezvinei, 52 mamiriyoni evanhu vanayo semutauro. Urdu inonzwika kwese muIndia asi kunyanya mumatunhu eBihar, Telangana, Delhi, Ottar Pradesh, Kashmir neJammu.

Vanyori vechiPunjabi vanokwanisa kunzwisisa vatauri vechiUrdu, asi vatauri vechiUrdu havagone, nekuti phonology yakasiyana. Mamwe mazwi echiChirungu anobva kuUrdu, semuenzaniso khaki o dutu.

Gujarati

Inoonekwa semutauro weDravidian uye unotaurwa ne4% yevagari veIndia: ndiko kuti, Zviuru zvemamiriyoni Inotendwa ndeyemuzana ramakore rechiXNUMX payakatanga kushandiswa mukutengeserana kwebhizimusi mumaakaundi ebhangi kana tsamba dzehunyanzvi nemagwaro.

Izvi sei? Ndiyo Gujarati Ndiwo musanganiswa wemitauro mitatu, chiGujarati chaicho, chiUrdu neSindhi. Kwaitaurwa kupi? MuDadra, Nagar Haveli, Daman, Diu neGujarat.

Malayalam

Zvinotaridza kuti mazwi mazhinji mumutauro uyu anopera na "am". Inotaurwa nevanhu makumi matatu nematatu uye izvi zvinomiririra 3% yevagari vemunyika. Unogona kuinzwa mumatunhu eKerala, Lakshadweep nePuducherry.

Muchokwadi, muKerala mune maruwa gumi nemana uye imwe neimwe inoshandisa mutauro wakasiyana wechiMalayalam ...

Odia

Ndiwo mumwe mutauro unotaurwa ne3% yevaIndia, asi izvo hazvisi zvishoma: Zviuru zvemamiriyoni Inotaurwa zvakanyanya kumabvazuva kwenyika, mu Odisha nyika, pamusoro peGungwa reBangal.

Ndiwo mutauro wechitanhatu wakasarudzwa se mutauro wekare muIndia, sezvo iine nhoroondo refu uye haina kusanganiswa zvakanyanya nemimwe mitauro. Chinyorwa chekare-kare muruvengo chakadzokera muzana ramakore rechigumi BC.

Chokwadi ndechokuti maIndia mazhinji vanotaura mitauro yakati wandei zvakare Chirungu, sezvo vanga vari nyika yeBritain kwenguva yakareba uye nanhasi, Chirungu ichiri mutauro wepamutemo. Muchokwadi, wave mutauro wezambuko pakati pevagari vekumaodzanyemba nekuchamhembe kwenyika.