Makumi gumi emakore ekuvakwa muPrague

Rimwe remaguta akanaka kwazvo muEurope ndi Prague, guta guru reCzech Republic. Iri iguta rine nhoroondo zhinji nekuti zvimwe zvezviitiko zvakakosha muEurope zvaive nechitsauko chavo apa.

Iyo nhoroondo ndiyo yakazvipa iyo yakasarudzika chaizvo uye inoshamisa yemaguta nhoroondo. Mazana emakore ekuvakwa vanogona kuonekwa mumigwagwa yePrague uye isu tichataura nezvazvo mune yanhasi chinyorwa.

Prague, iro guta

MaCelt aive vanhu vekutanga kugara pano nenzira yakagadzikana, gare gare maGerman nemaSlav vakasvika. Prague yakavambwa muzana reXNUMXth century. Madzimambo eBohemia akaita Prague chigaro chehurumende yavo uye mazhinji emadzishe aya pakupedzisira aive Matsvene eRoma Emperors.

Prague yakakura zvikuru muzana remakore rechigumi nemana King Charles IV pavakawedzera guta nezvivakwa zvitsva kumativi ese eVltava, vachijoinha navo nekuvakwa kwebhiriji. Pakazosvika zana ramakore regumi nematanhatu Bohemia yakapfuura mumaoko evaHabsburgs uye nekudaro Prague yakava dunhu reAustria.

Mushure meHondo Yemakore makumi matatu, iro guta rakaenderera mberi nekukura kwehupfumi uye iro bonanza rakashandurwa kuita shanduko dzekuvaka. Ipapo hondo mbiri dzenyika dzaizouya uye Chekosirovhakiya, pasi penzvimbo yeSoviet. Pakupedzisira, muna 1989 Prague akaonekana nesocialism, kuve pakati peiyo inonzi Velvet Revolution.

Czechoslovakia yakanyangarika kubva pamepu uye nyika mbiri dzakazvarwa: Czech Republic neSlovakia. Prague rave riri iro guta rekare kubva ipapo.

Architecture muPrague

Nemutengo uyu wemazana emakore ehupenyu chokwadi ndechekuti Prague ine yakanakisa uye dzakasiyana mapurani, ivo masitayera mazhinji anogara pamwe chete. Uye sezvo risiri iro guta rakakura kwazvo, zvakanaka kuti uongorore zvakazara uye netsoka, kuyemura ruzhinji rwezvivakwa.

Tinogona kutaura nezve zvinotevera zvivakwa zvePrague: Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque, Rococo, Classical uye Imperial, Historicist, Moorish Revival, Art-Noveau, Cubism neRondocubism, Functionalist uye Communist.

Zvivakwa zveRomeesque muPrague

Iro zita reRomanesque rinotiudza kuti ichi chivakwa chine chekuita nemaRoma uye yaive tsika yakamisikidzwa muEurope muMiddle Ages, zviri pachena rakafuridzirwa neyekare yekare.

Kuvakwa kweRomeesque musanganiswa wemaitiro eRoma neByzantine uye inozivikanwa ne maberere, makoramu akashongedzwa, ane simba uye anodakadza shongwe, akafara madziro uye muchinjikwa matumba. Izvo zvivakwa zviri nyore uye zvakaenzana.

Ndeapi marongero eRoma ari muPrague? Zvakanaka pane iyo Rotunda weMweya Mutsvene, kubva pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, mutaundi rekare. Imwe rotunda, yakatenderera chivakwa, ndeye iyo San Martin, dangwe muguta Inotangira panguva yaVratislav I. Iyo iri kubva muzana ramakore regumi nerimwe uye inongovhura panguva dzeinamato yechitendero.

Kune zvakare iyo rotunda yeSt. Longinus, mumugwagwa waStepanska uye padyo neChechi yeSan Stepan. Ndiyo rotunda diki mudhorobha uye inotanga kubva muhafu yepiri yezana regumi nemaviri. Tine iyo Basilica yaSaint GeorgeKunyangwe iine zvimwe zvinhu zvebaroque zvakawedzerwa kwazviri muzana ramakore regumi nemanomwe, asi inoramba iine mukati uye inoshamisa.

Gothic architecture muPrague

Sezvatakataura pamusoro, chimiro cheRomanesque chakave chiGothic muFrance muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX. Gare gare yakawedzera munzvimbo dzese dzeEurope kusvika muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX, kuti ive nerumwe rumutsiriro muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX Maitiro aya anozivikanwa ne Akakomberedzwa maberere, ane mavara akasviba girazi, ane ribbed vaults uye nzvimbo dzinokwira. Iwo masitayera anoonekwa zvakanyanya mumachechi uye mumashure kumayunivhesiti. Inotaura nezvehukuru hwaMwari uye nezivo.

MuPrague tinoona iyo Gothic maitiro kutanga mu Charles Bridge, akanaka, achangobva kudzorerwa. Kune zvakare iyo Chechi yeSt Vitus, rakatumirwa naCharles IV muna 1344, uye rakafuridzirwa nemakereke makuru eFrance, uye Chechi yeMukadzi wedu pamberi paTyn. Kereke iyi iri pakati peguta rekare uye inoyevedza, kunyanya husiku. Yakavakwa muna 1365 nemari kubva kuvashambadzi veGerman.

Kune zvakare iyo Powder Shongwe 65 metres kumusoro, yakavakwa naMatous Rejsek muna 1475. Iyo iri panotangira nzira yeCoronation uye ine mbiri yepamusoro. Inoteverwa ne Musangano weSan Agnes deBohemia, yakavambwa naMambokadzi Agenes wePremyslid muna 1231. Ndicho chivakwa chekare chegothic muPrague uye yaive yehurongwa hweFranciscan. Iyo yakashandawo sekrisiti kune iyi imba.

La Dombo Bhero Imba Iri pa Old Town Square uye mumwe muenzaniso wakanaka weGothic muPrague. Yakavakwa muzana ramakore rechi80 uye yakadzoreredzwa zvizere mumaXNUMXs ezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri.

Renaissance architecture muPrague

Renaissance architecture yakatanga pakati pekutanga kwezana remakore rechiXNUMX uye zana remakore rechiXNUMX. Florence nedome rayo mienzaniso. Maitiro aya akapararira kuItari kutanga uyezve kuFrance, Germany nedzimwe nyika dzakavakidzana, kutosvika kuRussia.

Renaissance akitekicha inounza zvinhu zvechiGreek neRoma tsika saka inodzokera ku symmetry, geometry uye zviyero yenguva iyoyo. Sei? Uchishandisa mbiru, dzimba, niches, makoramu uye frescoes.

MuPrague maitiro eRenaissance anogona kuonekwa mu Royal Zhizha Muzinda, akatumwa naFerdinando I muna 1538 kumukadzi wake, Mambokadzi Anne. Zvakare mu Mutambo wemutamboIri muRoyal Gardens, kubva pakati pezana ramakore regumi nematanhatu. Tennis uye badmington zvakaridzwa pano, zvirinani mune avo echinyakare mafomu. Mumwe muenzaniso ndeye Schwarzenberg Palace, muHradcanske Square, mutema nemuchena mukati mechiso chayo.

El Zhizha Palace Nyeredzi Icho chimwe chivakwa cheRenaissance, chakaringana, uye zvakare iyo Imba yeMiniti, mudhorobha rekare. Iyo ine yakashongedzwa yakashongedzwa fenicha nemifananidzo kubva muchiGiriki ngano uye mamwe mabhaibheri ebhaibheri zvakare. Inotangira kubva pakutanga kwezana ramakore regumi nesere uye inofungidzirwa kuve yaive shopu yefodya.

Mapurani eBaroque muPrague

Maitiro ebaroque akazvarwa pakutanga kwezana regumi nemanomwe century muItari uye akakura akabatana neCatholicism neHurumende. Maitiro aya Inozivikanwa nemaruva zvivezwa, yakawanda ruvara, mwenje, mimvuri, pendi, mafrescoes ane mavara uye goridhe rakawanda. Vanokudzwa veItaly nechechi vakasimudzira maitiro aya saka zvairatidza simba ravo nehupfumi.

MuPrague maitiro aya anoonekwa mu Chechi yeMukadzi Wedu Wekukunda, yakavakwa nemaGerman Lutheran muna 1613. Yakapfuudza mumaoko evaCalarmedites vekuKarimeri muna 1620. Strahov wemamongi Iri pachikomo uye ndiyo yechipiri monastery muguta. Inodzokera kumashure yezana remakore rechiXNUMX uye inoyevedza, nzvimbo ine rugare uye yakanaka.

Kune zvakare iyo Chechi yeSan Nicolás, ine dome inoshamisa, kubva muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX. Iyo Château Troja Yakakomberedzwa nemagadheni akanaka neminda yemizambiringa yekare. Yakavakwa nemari yemhuri yakapfuma yeSternnberg uye haugone kuipotsa. The Loreta Iyo kubva muna 1626 uye yaiziva kuve mumaoko evamamongi veCapuchin. Yaimbove nzvimbo yekufambira uye ine mamwe mafrescoes akanaka.

El Sternberg Palace Iri muHradcanske Square yakavanzwa kuseri kwemuzinda waArchbishop. Seri kwemasuo makuru edare iri ibwe reBaroque rakavakwa mukupera kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX.

Rococo architecture muPrague

Rococo akazvarwa pakupera kwezana ramakore gumi nemasere mumakondinendi eEurope uye yazvino vhezheni inosanganisa zvinhu zveFrance. Zita ndiko kubatana kwe baroque ChiItaly neshoko rechiFrench rockery, goko. Saka chimiro ichi chakapfuma mumakona akajeka, kushongedzwa kwakazara, matepi, magirazi, zvidhori, pendi ...

MuPrague iwe unowana iyo rococo maitiro mune iyo Imba yaArchbishop yakavakwa muzana ramakore rechi1420, ichitsiva chivakwa chekare cherococo chakapiswa muna XNUMX. Huru, chena uye inokatyamadza. Kune zvakare iyo Kinsky Palace, ine pink uye chena stucco facade iyo yakanaka. Yakavakwa pakati pezana ramakore rechiXNUMX.

Yakasarudzika uye humambo hwekuvakwa muPrague

Aya maitiro anozivikanwa nekuve kuisa uye ikashanduka hunhu hwevanhu zvivakwa pasi rese, kutora chimiro chakashongedzwa cheRococo. Yakanga iri zero yekunyepedzera maitiro, cherechedza, zvakanyanya kudivi revanhu neHurumende kupfuura kwevanokudzwa kana vafundisi.

MuPrague tinozviona zvichiratidzwa mu Prague State Theater, nemakoramu ayo, pendi yayo yechiedza uye madziro ayo akapendwa neruvara rwegirini. Muno Mozart iye pachake akatungamira mabasa ake.

Historicist dhizaini muPrague

Historicism mukuvakwa uye hunyanzvi ndeye kudzokera kune zvakapfuura, ku classicism kunyangwe paine kumwe kubata kwemamwe masitaira futi. Haisi kunyatsoonekwa, nekuti kuvaka kunofanirwa kutarisa kumberi kwete kumashure, asi ichiri kuti iripo muPrague.

Kupi? Mu National Museum muPrague, kufambidzana kubva mukupera kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX, paWenceslas Square, iyo National theatre kubva panguva imwecheteyo, mukati me State Opera Imba, kubva muna 1888, iyo Hanavsky Pavilion, muLena Park, yakavakwa muna 1891 uye mune neo-baroque maitiro ane yakawanda iron.

Kune zvakare iyo Chechi yeSan Pedro neSan Pablo, munhare yeVysehrad, neo-Gothic, ine mbiri shiri shongwe uye Chechi yeSanta Ludmila, ine chinoshamisira chakatarisana.

Moorish rumutsiriro rwekuvaka muPrague

Pane imwe nguva mubato revaRoma, Europe yakawira murudo nemaitiro ekuMabvazuva, kunyanya muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX

Panguva iyoyo zvivakwa zvakawanda zvakavakwa munzira yekumutsiridza yeMoorish, uye kana iri Prague tinozviona mu Sinagogi yeSpain ya1868, yakavakirwa paAlhambra uye iyo Jubheri Sinagogi ye1906.

Art-Nouveau mapurani muPrague

Chimiro changu chandinofarira, ndinofanira kuti, icho chakaratidzirwa munzvimbo zhinji: zvishongo, zvipfeko, fenicha, zvivakwa ... MuPrague tinoona uyu musambo wakanaka mu Municipal House ya1911, iyo Hotera Evropa paWenceslas Square, yakavakwa muna 1889, iyo Hotel Paris 1904 uye Kuvaka kweWilsonova pachiteshi chezvitima.

Kune zvakare iyo Maindasitiri Palace, imwe yekutanga simbi zvivakwa mune idzi nyika, imba yechokwadi yegirazi nesimbi kubva muna 1891. Pakupedzisira, zvakare muArt-Nouveau maitiro ndiwo Nhaurwa Imba, pamberi peNational Theatre uye Vysehrad Chitima, chiteshi chakasiiwa chaimbove chakaisvonaka, iyo Vinohrady Theaterla Villa Saloun, the Koruna Passage kana the Villa Bilek iyo nhasi inoshanda seMagalari Gallery.

Cubist uye Rondocubist mapurani

Cubism inofambidzana pamwe Paul cezanne uye inotangira pamakore gumi ekutanga ezana ramakumi maviri. Cubes, zvirongwa, chimiro picassokana kunyanya kunyanya, ndozviri chimiro ichi. Izvo hazvigone kuganhurirwa kune imwe nyika uye mukati meCzechs tinogona kurangarira vapendi Emil Fila kana Josef Capek uye vakasiyana mapurani nevapfuri vakasiya mucherechedzo muguta.

Nekudaro, mukati meiyi dhizaini mune iyo Imba yeBlack Madonna, yekongiri yakasimbiswa, yakavakwa pakati pa1911 na1912, iyo Villa Kovarović, kuenda kwevadzidzi vekuvaka. Iko kune zvakare cubist rambi post, iyo yega pasirese, pakona yeWenceslas Square uye iyo Adria Palace, the Legio Bank, yakawanda rondocubist.

Functionalist mapurani muPrague

Maitiro aya anoti chivakwa chinofanirwa kuchinjika mukushandisa kwayo, kune mashandiro ayo, saka chinozivikanwa ne mitsara yakajeka uye zvishoma kana zvisina ruzivos uye chishongo.

Mune inoshanda musitayiti ndiyo Villa Muller, the Veletrzni Palace, iyo Manes Kuvaka 1930, iyo Chechi yeSt Wenceslas, kubva kuma30, uye Barrandov Terrace, parwizi rweVltava, kunyange zvinosuruvarisa mukusiiwa pachena. Yaimbova nzvimbo yekudyira muna 1929, iine dziva rekushambira, balconi ...

Communist chivakwa muPrague

Pakupedzisira, tinosvika nguva yeSoviet kubva kuPrague. Communism inewo maitiro ayo: guru, grey, kongiri. Akanaka zvakashata.

MuPrague tinozviona mu yaimbova chivakwa cheParamende, kubva kuma60, iyo yekudyira Expo 58, muLetna Park, iyo Crown Plaza Hotel kubva kuma50, iyo tChitoro cheKotva, kubva muna 1975, kusvika Zizkov TV Shongwe 216 metres kumusoro yakavakwa pakati pa1985 na1992, uye iyo panelaks, zvivakwa zvakakurisa zvakavakwa kumucheto kweguta uye zvakafemerwa naLe Corbusier.

Mushure mekupunzika kweCommunism, zvishoma kwazvo zvakavakwa mukati mePrague, asi ini ndinofunga kuti nematayera mazhinji akapararira mukati meguta, chero mudiwa wenhoroondo, hunyanzvi uye ekuvaka zvichave nemaawa ekufamba akavimbiswa.


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