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"I-Odyssey" ngumbongo oyindumasi obhalwe nguHomer obalisa ngezehlo zikaOdysseus (ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-Ulysses ngokwesiko lesiLatin), inkosi yaseIthaca, ebuyela ekhaya emva kokugqiba iMfazwe yeTrojan, imicimbi enxulumene "neIliad." Umbhali kukholelwa ukuba wavelisa ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX BC kwaye ekuhambeni kwexesha baba yinxalenye yesiko lakudala lomlomo lamaGrike, efundwa esixekweni esiya edolophini ziirhapsodies.
Ukuya kwinkulungwane ye-XNUMXth BC, irhuluneli yaseAthene, egama linguPisístraro, yafuna ukuqokelela imibongo kaHomer kwaye yabhalwa phantsi. Kwezi, olona hlobo ludala lwaziwa ngokuba yi "The Odyssey" lususela kwinkulungwane yesibini ye-BC kwaye lolo luka-Aristarchus wase Samothrace. Kule posi ilandelayo sijonga ingxoxo ye «Odyssey», ulwakhiwo lwayo, imixholo yayo kwaye ngakumbi kwi intsomi kaPolyphemus kunye no-Odysseus.
Ithetha ngantoni "iOdyssey"?
Kuzo zonke iingoma ezingama-24, UHomer ubalisa ukubuyela ku-Ithaca wegorha lesiGrike u-Odysseus owathi, emva kokuba engekho ekhaya iminyaka elishumi, wathatha enye iminyaka elishumi ukubuya. Ngelo xesha, unkosikazi wakhe uPenelope kunye nonyana wakhe uTelemachus kufuneka bathwale kwibhotwe labo abanqwenela ukumtshata ngokukholelwa ukuba u-Odysseus ufile kwaye kwangaxeshanye bachitha yonke impahla yosapho.
Esona sixhobo siphambili sika-Odysseus sokoyisa yonke imiqobo ahlangana nayo ngexesha lokufika kwakhe bubuqili bakhe. Enkosi kuye ngoncedo lwesithixokazi uPallas Athena, uyakwazi ukujongana neengxaki eziqhubekayo ekufuneka ajongane nazo kuyilo loothixo. Ngale ndlela, ucwangcisa amaqhinga ahlukeneyo kunye neentetho ezinesibindi azisebenzisayo ukufezekisa iinjongo zakhe.
Yenziwe njani «iOdyssey»?
Lo mbongo uyindumasi wahlulwe wangamacandelo amathathu: i-telemachy, ukubuya kunye nokuziphindezela kuka-Odysseus. I-telemaquia igubungela ukusuka kwezokuqala ukuya kwezesine ii "Odyssey", apho isigqibo sikaTelemachus sokushiya utata wakhe kubaliswa ngaso. Ukubuya kwe-Odysseus kubandakanya i-canto yeshumi elinesihlanu apho i-Odysseus kuhambo lwakhe olubuyela e-Ithaca ixelelwa, ngelixa isahlulo sesithathu sibhekisa kwimpindezelo ka-Odysseus kunye nokudibana kwakhona kosapho ukusuka ngomhla weshumi elinesithathu ukuya kumashumi amabini anesine e-canto.
Yintoni intsomi yePolyphemus kunye neOdysseus?
Kwinqaku lesithoba likaHomer "iOdyssey," umlinganiswa ophambili ubalisa ngeziganeko awazifumana kwiminyaka emithathu njengoko babelungiselela ukubuyela ekhaya emva kokulwa kwiMfazwe yaseTrojan.
Kule ngoma uOdysseus ucacisa indlela abaya ngayo eThrace, apho zazikhona iiCícones. Apho babulala bonke abemi base-Ismaro ngaphandle kukaMarón, umbingeleli ka-Apollo owabanika izitya ezilishumi elinambini ezizele yiwayini njengomqondiso wombulelo. Emva kokubandezeleka kukuhlaselwa kweeCycons, uOdysseus ushiya apho neqela lamadoda kwaye bafika kwilizwe labatyayo be-lotus. emva kwesiphango esabaphambukisa kwindlela bade bafika nakwisiqithi seCyclops.
Apho bayehla kwaye u-Odysseus uthathe enye yeempahla zewayini ukuyinika. Xa befika emqolombeni we-Cyclops Polyphemus, amaqabane e-protagonist ayavuma ukuthatha yonke into apho, nangona u-Odysseus wayengonelisekanga. Ngalo mzuzu, UPolyphemus ugqobhoza kunye nomhlambi wakhe kwaye akuba efumene, uyayitshixa kwaye ayigqibe eminye yayo.
Ukuphelisa ukufa, u-Odysseus ucinga ukusebenzisa iwayini ayinikwe ngumfundisi uMaron ukuze amnxilise. U-Polyphemus wamkela isitya sakhe waza wabuza igama lakhe, apho u-Odysseus waphendula ngokuthi "kwakungekho mntu okanye akukho mntu." Xa ii-cyclops zilele zilele, waqhuba umthi womnquma kwiliso lakhe ekuphela kwamehlo ukumenza angaboni.
Ngokukhawuleza uPolyphemus wakhwaza ngeentlungu de ezinye iiCyclope zamva kodwa wayekholelwa ukuba uZeus wamohlwaya kwaye waphambana kuba ebaxelele ukuba "Akukho mntu" umonzakalisileyo. Ukuze babaleke u-Odysseus kunye namadoda akhe bazibophelela kwizisu zegusha. Kuba uPolyphemus wayengaboni, wayengaboni apho befihle khona kwaye bakwazi ukubaleka.
Xa babeselwandle, u-Odysseus wahleka uPolyphemus: "Akukho mntu wakukhathaza ngaphandle kuka-Odysseus." Babengazi ukuba ii-cyclops ngunyana wothixo wolwandle uPoseidon kwaye xa uPolyphemus wabaqalekisayo, iliwa elikhulu lawa kufutshane nenqanawa yabo. Wacela notata wakhe ukuba amncede kwaye wacela ukuba uOdysseus angaze abuyele eIthaca okanye ukuba wenzile, kufuneka abuye yedwa hayi kwinqanawa yakhe. Kwaye ke, uPoseidon wambangela ingxaki enkulu elwandle xa ebuya kwaye wamgcina kude neIthaca ixesha elide.
Ngoobani uPolyphemus no-Odysseus?
- Odysseus: UOdysseus ngumlinganiswa ophambili kumbongo "iOdyssey" nangona ikwavela nakwi "Iliad" nguHomer. Wayengomnye wamagorha odumileyo kwiintsomi zamaGrike kwaye kwi "The Odyssey" umelwe njengokumkani waseIthaca, esinye seziqithi i-Ionia, ezikhoyo kunxweme olusentshona yeGrisi. Lubonakala ngobukrelekrele balo nobuqhinga. Ngapha koko, uxelwe ngombono wokwakha iTrans Horse. Utshatile noPenelope kwaye nguyise kaTelémaco.
- Ipolyphemus: Yeyona idumileyo kwiIcyclops kwiintsomi zamaGrike. Unyana kaPoseidon kunye no-nymph Toosa, uhlala ebonakaliswa njenge-ogre enentshebe eneentsimbi ezinkulu kunye neendlebe ze-satyr ezineliso elinye ebunzini.
Ithetha ntoni intsomi yePolyphemus kunye neOdsseus?
Iingcali zibonisa ukuba intsomi kaPolyphemus kunye no-Odysseus ibonisa idabi lobuqhetseba ngokuchasene nenkohlakalo kunye noloyiso lokuqonda ngamandla.
Imixholo egutyungelwe "yiOdyssey"
- Uhambo: Umxholo oqhelekileyo kuncwadi lwaseNtshona apho iqhawe lijamelana neengozi ezininzi apho livela lomelele kwaye likwazile ukufezekisa injongo yalo.
- Uthando olungenamiqathango: Kubonakalisiwe kwibali lika-Odysseus kunye noPenelope, abo boyisa imiqobo kunye nezilingo ezibabeka ebomini kwaye baphinde babe kunye.
- Usapho: "I-Odyssey" ithetha ngokubaluleka kweqhina losapho ukunika intsingiselo kubomi bethu.
- Ikhaya nelizwe: Umnqweno ka-Odysseus kukubuyela e-Ithaca, indawo awazalelwa kuyo kwaye apho ahlala khona usapho, angazange ambone okoko washiya iMfazwe yeTrojan.
- Impindezelo: Lo mxholo ubonakalisiwe kwibali likaPenelope. U-Odysseus ufumanisa ukuba ekumkeni kwakhe kukho abanye abakhwetha abafuna ukutshata umfazi wakhe ukuze bambambe endaweni kwaye balawule iipropathi zabo, ke yena uyaziphindezela ngokubabulala.
- Amandla onke oothixo: Kuzo zombini "iOdyssey" kunye "neIliad," ikamva lomntu lisezandleni zoothixo. Bobabini uPallas Athena kunye noPoseidon okanye uZeus badlala indima ebalulekileyo kubomi babalinganiswa.