Imvelaphi yeThala leencwadi

Imvelaphi yethala leencwadi indala njengaleyo yethala leencwadi ngokwalo kubhala. Njengabantu xa besibona isidingo sokubhala izinto, bayakuqonda ukubaluleka kwe gcina loo maxwebhu ukulungiselela izizukulwana ezizayo.

Igama lethala leencwadi livela kwisiGrike ibhayibhile (ncwadi) kunye Iinku (caja). Kodwa yayingeyiyo le abantu bamandulo bamaGrike ngubani odale ezi tempile zimangalisayo zenkcubeko kunye nolwazi, kodwa kufuneka sibuyele umva ngakumbi, ngakumbi phantse iminyaka engamawaka amathathu. Ke ngoko, ukuba ufuna ukwazi imvelaphi yethala leencwadi, siyakumema ukuba uqhubeke nokufunda.

Imvelaphi yethala leencwadi: elidityaniswe kwiitempile

Ngokwazi kwethu, ukubhala kwazalelwa kwiziqhamo IMesopotamiya, ethi, ngokubanzi, ithathe indawo ngoku eyi-Iraq neSyria. Kwakuyinkulungwane yesine ye-BC kwaye kwakunjalo uhlobo lwepeyintiOko kukuthi, oko kwakumele izinto kusetyenziswa ii-icon ezitsaliwe. Ukusuka kuyo yonke into esikuxelele yona, akuyi kuba nzima kuwe ukuba uqonde ukuba ithala leencwadi lalizalelwe apho ngelo xesha.

IMesopotamiya, iilayibrari zokuqala

Njengoko kwenzekile ngamanye amaxesha, umzekelo kumaXesha Aphakathi, i iitempile kunye neemonki yayiziindawo zonqulo, kodwa kunye nolondolozo lolwazi. Yinkolo eyaqala ukusebenzisa ukubhala ukurekhoda iinyani ezinxulumene nomsebenzi wabo, kodwa kunye neminye imiba yezoqoqosho neyolawulo enxulumene nobomi boluntu.

Kwaye abo bokuqala baqala ukugcina loo maxwebhu. Ke ngoko, amathala eencwadi okuqala azinikezelwa kugcino lwezi zibhalo. Ngokufanelekileyo, zingangaphezulu kweefayile kunamathala eencwadi. Abo babhali bamandulo bayibhala kumacwecwe odongwe, ukuze bagcinwe ngcono. Phakathi kwala mathala eencwadi okuqala yayiziidolophu ezinje nge mari, ILagash y ebla, kunye naleyo ye- UAshurbanipal.

Lo kumkani waseAsiriya wayengumxhasi omkhulu wobugcisa neeleta. Kwaye umyili we Ithala leencwadi laseNineve, mhlawumbi yeyokuqala embalini efana nale siyaziyo namhlanje. Kuba ayigcinwanga kuwo amaxwebhu kuphela, kodwa nawo ezinye izicatshulwa zohlobo lokubhala. Umzekelo, igcine iinguqulelo ezipheleleyo 'Umbongo kaGilgamesh'. Yeyona ngoma indala eyaziwayo kwaye ijongana neziganeko zokumkani ongaziwayo, inkosi yesixeko saseSumeriya uruk.

Inyani yile yokuba ihlelo lika-Ashurbanipal labeka indlu yonke imibhalo ebhaliweyo yehlabathi eyaziwayo ngexesha layo kwiThala leencwadi laseNineve. Ke ngoko, yayinjalo indlu yokuqala kwimbali. Kodwa, njengoko uya kuqonda, zonke ezi ngxelo zisekwe kwintsalela efunyenweyo. Kungenxa yokuba amaYiputa namaGrike ayenamathala eencwadi.

Amathala eencwadi aseYiputa

Ke ngoko, kubonakala ngathi imvelaphi yethala leencwadi yayiseMesopotamiya. Kodwa, njengoko besesitshilo nje kuwe, amaYiputa nawo ayenabo kwaye, ngaphezulu kwako konke, benza igalelo labo kwihlabathi elibhaliweyo.

Ukuqala, bamkela Umpapiri ukubhala amaxwebhu abo kwaye, xa zide kakhulu, basebenzisa umsongo. Ukongeza, baphucule ukubhala kwaye babenalo nohlobo lweshunqulelo yakudala. Yayingumnxeba Ukubhala ngokulandelelana, apho babemela amagama ngemiqondiso okanye ngoonobumba abakhulu. Kodwa uya kuba nomdla ngakumbi wokwazi ukuba kwi-Yiphutha laMandulo zazimbini iintlobo zamaziko ethala leencwadi.

Incwadi inezindlu

Singakuxelela ukuba zazilingana nezokuqala mathala eencwadi waseMesopotamiya. Kuba ezi yayizindawo apho kufakwa khona amaxwebhu ezolawulo. Umzekelo, iiakhawunti zikarhulumente okanye amaziko aseburhulumenteni.

Izindlu zobomi

Ezi ndawo zazingu izikolo yase-Egypt yakudala, apho omncinci afumana khona imfundo. Kodwa banazo ingqokelela yemibhalo abafundi abanokukopa, ngokomzekelo iimonki zamaxesha aphakathi, umzekelo.

IGrisi yakudala, ibalulekile kwimvelaphi yelayibrari yale mihla

AmaGrike amandulo nawo ayeneelayibrari zawo. Ngapha koko banike i- ukukhulisa okukhulu kwezi ntlobo zamaziko. Njengokubhala kwesiGrike kwakusele kunjalo ngokwealfabhethi, Ulwazi lwabo lwasasazeka kakhulu, lwaza lwanceda abantu ukuba bakwazi ukufunda nokufunda.

Ngokubhekisele kumathala eencwadi, sinokukuxelela ukuba, xa sithetha nje, bebesele befana naba sibaziyo namhlanje. Khange badityaniswe namaziko enkolo okanye amaqumrhu aseburhulumenteni. Ngethuba lokuqala, babenjalo amaziko azimeleyo. Ukongeza, iinkolo zamaGrike, njengoko wenzayo uAshurbanipal waseAsiriya, zacebisa ukuba zibambe kumathala azo Lonke ulwazi lwexesha lakhe. Kwaye ezinye zezindlu zayo zeencwadi ziye zangena ezembalini ngobuqaqawuli babo kunye nobutyebi bemithamo.

Ithala leencwadi laseAlexandria

Le yimeko yabadumileyo Ithala leencwadi laseAlexandria, Yadalwa ngenkulungwane yesithathu ngaphambi kweXesha Eliqhelekileyo neyayenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo mandulo. Njengoko uyazi, iAlexandria ikhona Yiputa, kodwa ukwenziwa kwethala leencwadi kwayo kwakubangelwa ngamaGrike xa, emva kokoyiswa kwe UAlexander Omkhulu, balawula umhlaba woofaro.

Eli thala lencwadi lahlanganiswa koko kubizwa njalo Ulindelo, iziko lenkcubeko elinikezelwe kwimus apho bekukho yonke into eyimfuneko kubabhali abakhulu kunye nososayensi behlabathi lakudala ukuba baphile. Ekuqaleni, le mibhalo yayixhonywe kwimisongo yelungu, kodwa kamva yafakwa iikhowudi kwaye kuqikelelwa ukuba wayenayo phantse isiqingatha sesigidi semisebenzi sigciniwe.

Kukholelwa ukuba inyamalale ngenxa yomlilo owoyikekayo. Kwaye, eneneni, oku kwenzekile, kodwa namhlanje kuhlala kucingelwa ukuba iThala leencwadi laseAlexandria lalibola ngokuhamba kwexesha lade lavalwa.

Ithala leencwadi lasePergamo

Enye indlu enkulu yeencwadi kwilizwe lamaGrike yayiyi Ithala leencwadi lasePergamo, kufutshane nonxweme lweAegean. Yenziwe nakwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane ye-XNUMX BC. Umseki wayo wayengukumkani UAttalus I, umqokeleli omkhulu wobugcisa kunye neencwadi. Kodwa iya kuba ngunyana wakhe I-Eumenides II, ngubani owayeza kuyinika ubuqaqawuli obaya kubunandipha.

Kwinqanaba layo eliphumeleleyo, lalinalo malunga namawaka amathathu amawaka, ngokukhethekileyo ifilosofi kwaye inxulumene ngokusondeleyo stoicism. Ngokungafaniyo neyangaphambili, yayigcina iikopi zayo kwimipapiri, into eyayibizwa njalo, kanye kuba yayenziwe ePergamo. Kwaye, ngokutsho kombhali waseRoma UPliny uMdala, kweli thala leencwadi zazibekwe njengobuncwane bezinto ezizayo Aristotle.

Kukholelwa ukuba eli thala leencwadi lanyamalala kanye xa kusenzeka umlilo wase-Aleksandriya. Kungenxa yokuba abalawuli bagqibe kwelokuba bathumele izixa zokuqala kwezokugqibela.

IRoma, ithala leencwadi lokuqala loluntu

AmaRoma akopa izinto ezininzi ezivela eGrisi, kubandakanya iilayibrari. Nangona kunjalo, banoxanduva lokwazisa la maziko. Kungenxa yokuba umbhali kunye nezopolitiko UCayo Asinio Polión Uyile ilayibrari yokuqala yoluntu kwimbali kwinkulungwane yokuqala BC.

Ngapha koko, nayo UBukhosi baseRoma ibinemizi emikhulu yeencwadi. Phakathi kwabo, Iilayibrari zasePalatina naseOctaviana, ngenxa ye Augustokunye Ithala leencwadi laseUlpia yomlawuli UTrajan. Onke ayenamacandelo amabini: elo lemibhalo yesiGrike nelo lemibhalo yesiLatin.

AmaXesha Aphakathi: ukwehla kwamathala eencwadi

Ngokuwa koBukhosi baseRoma, kwabakho into embi ukwehla kwenkcubeko, ukuya kuthi ga kulwazi olusabela kwi zoonongendi. Ke ngoko, la maziko yayikukuphela kwawo ayenamathala eencwadi, amanye abalulekile njengalawo reichenau, Monte Ikhasino o ISan Millán de la Cogolla, eyokugqibela eSpain.

Ngale ndlela, izindlu zoonongendi zaba ukukhusela ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu. Baye bawagcina bakopa iitekisi besenzela izizukulwana ezizayo. Ndiyabulela oku, kwiinkulungwane zokugqibela zamaXesha Aphakathi, ngenkangeleko ye iikholeji, Yonke le misebenzi ibisaziwa kwaye inokugcinwa kwizindlu zabo ezintsha zeencwadi. Kodwa, ngaloo nto, siza kuyo ihlabathi lanamhlanje kwaye oku ayisenguye umxholo wenqaku ngemvelaphi yethala leencwadi.