Amakhoboka kwiGrisi yamandulo

Ubukho bamakhoboka kwiGrisi yamandulo babuyela emva kwiintsuku zokuqala zempucuko kwaye buqhubeka de kube sehla. Sele ikhona Ixesha le-Mycenaean (1600-1200 BC) bazisebenzisela uqoqosho lwabo. Kwaye kwifayile ye- Ixesha lamaGrike (323-31 BC) kusekho amakhoboka abhalisiweyo njengepropathi yeenkosi ezinkulu.

Nangona kunjalo, kunjalo kwimeko yobukhoboka kwi Yiputa nangaphakathi eRoma, ixesha ngalinye lalinolwazelelo lwalo bantu bahluthwe inkululeko. Kwaye ngokulinganayo ayizizo zonke ezazinesimo esifanayo. Ukuba unomdla wokufunda ngakumbi ngamakhoboka kwiGrisi yakudala, siyakumema ukuba uqhubeke nokufunda.

Ubukhoboka bafika njani kwiGrisi yamandulo

Amakhoboka eGrisi yamandulo angangabemi bamanye amazwe kunye nabemi, abathi ngenxa yezizathu ezithile baphulukana namalungelo abo abantu abakhululekileyo. Kodwa, ngokusisiseko, bafikelele kuloo meko ngenxa yezizathu ezithathu.

Amabanjwa emfazwe

Omnye wemithombo eqhelekileyo yokufumana amakhoboka amaGrike yayiziimfazwe ezoyisa kuzo. Kule nkqubela yabo ihambelana namaRoma kunye namaYiputa. Yayingabemi ikakhulu Abantu baseFrigiya, sithandwa, Iirekhodi, istyhi, cyrenaics o Iitracians.

Ngokumalunga nesini, amaGrike athimba amadoda nabafazi. Oko kukuthi, abathathanga nje kuphela amajoni amajoni awayejongene nawo. Kwakhona abafazi nabantwana babo babanjwa umiselwe ubukhoboka. Amadoda azinikele kwimisebenzi efuna umzamo omkhulu womzimba; abasetyhini kwimisebenzi yasekhaya kunye nabantwana, nokuba basebenzisana nabo okanye bathengisela abathengisi bamakhoboka ababebalinde ukuba bakhule ukuze babathengise kwakhona.

Ukuthinjwa ngabaphangi

Amanye amakhoboka kwiGrisi yamandulo ayengabemi abakhululekileyo bezinye iintlanga ababekade benjalo yaxhwilwa ngabaphangi Ngexesha lokuhlaselwa kwabo kumazibuko ahlukeneyo e IMeditera.

Emva koko bathengiswa ngabucala ngokwabo kwiimarike ezininzi zamakhoboka ezazikho okanye zibekwa ezandleni zabathengisi abazithengayo. Ngokubhekisele kwezo marike, zazizininzi kwiGrisi yamandulo. Kodwa i Izibuko lasePiraeus eye-Athene, kunye nezo Ye, ICorinto, I-Efese o Aegina.

Amakhoboka amatyala

Omnye umthombo wokuhanjiswa kwamakhoboka kwiGrisi yamandulo wawunxulumene amatyala. Abemi basimahla abangakwazanga ukuhlangabezana neentlawulo zabo bawela kwimeko yamakhoboka. Kwakuyimeko eqhelekileyo, umzekelo, phakathi abalimi ngubani oqeshe umhlaba kwaye akakwazanga ukuhlawula le rhafu kumnini-mhlaba. Kwimeko enjalo, babephantsi kwayo.

Kuyinyani ukuba ubukhoboka babo babunjalo lilinganiselwe. Okwangoku bakwazile ukwenza ezi ntlawulo zilindelweyo, bakhululwa ngokuzenzekelayo babuyela kwimeko yabo njengabemi abakhululekileyo.

Nangona kunjalo, kule meko kufuneka senze ukuchaneka okuchaphazela ipolisi ye Atenas. Kwinkulungwane ye-XNUMX BC, owowiso-mthetho Solon kuthintelwe lo mkhuba ngenxa yoko wayeka ukwenziwa.

Ixabiso lamakhoboka

Njengokuba aba bantu banelishwa babethathwa njengempahla emsulwa, ixabiso lamakhoboka latshintsha ngokuhambelana nexesha kunye nemithetho emsulwa yelizwe. ukubonelela kunye nemfuno. Oko kukuthi, xa kwakufuneka amakhoboka kwaye ayembalwa, amaxabiso abo anyuka, ngelixa babebaninzi, iindleko zabo zehla.

nayo, ayizizo zonke iindleko ezifanayo. Ixabiso lendoda eyomeleleyo eyenzelwe imisebenzi enzima yahlukile kunaleyo yendoda esele ikhulile engasenakuxhamla kuyo. Nangona kunjalo, nakweyiphi na imeko, ukuba nekhoboka kwakungabizi kakhulu kwiGrisi yamandulo. Singakuxelela, umzekelo, ukuba umvuzo wonyaka into yokuba umsebenzi waseAthene ayifumeneyo yayanele ukuyifumana.

Ubukhoboka kwiGrisi yakudala

Ngayiphi na imeko, ngokwembono yomntu, sinomdla ngakumbi ekwazini ukuba yayinjani imeko yekhoboka kwiGrisi yamandulo. Kodwa le nto uza kuyifunda awuyi kuyithanda.

Kuba, kumaGrike, ephucukile ngenxa yezinye izinto, ikhoboka laliyinto engaphaya yorhwebo. Kubo, lalinexabiso elifanayo nesilwanyana sasekhaya njengalezo zenza imfuyo yabo. Ngapha koko, ekuphela kwento eyayikhathaza iinkosi zabo kukuba babenjalo wondlekile. Kodwa nakweli tyala kwakungekho ngenxa yesisa, kodwa ngaphandle komdla: ukhathalelo olungcono ngale ndlela, ukusebenza okungcono abanokukunika.

Ngokumalunga nobomi bokuphila kwamakhoboka amaGrike, yayixhomekeke emsebenzini ababemiselwe ukuwufumana. Njengoko uya kuqonda, ikhoboka elalizinikele ekufumaneni isilivere kwimigodi ye ukunyuka kwentaba, kwi Atenas, kunomnye umntu ozinikele kwimisebenzi yengqondo njengokufundisa abantwana benkosi yakhe okanye ukugcina iiakhawunti zenkosi yakhe.

Ngokusengqiqweni, ixesha lokuphila kwekhoboka yayikwangumsebenzi wobubele benkosi yalo. Kwincwadi yamaGrike kukho imizekelo emininzi yeenkosi ezibaphatha uluntu, Kodwa nakwabanye ababedlulele ukhohlakele nabo. Kuyo nayiphi na imeko, ikhoboka lalinokohlwaywa ngokwasemzimbeni njengokubethwa. Kwaye ababhali bathanda Xenophon o unomatse Bacebisa kwimisebenzi yabo ukuba baphathwe kakuhle.

Nangona kunjalo, akufuneki uzikhohlise kuba khange bayenze baphume nasebantwini. Isizathu sokuba banikele koku yayikukuba abayi kubaleka okanye benze iyelenqe ngokuchasene nenkosi yabo kwaye baya kwenza ngcono.

Inkululeko yamakhoboka kwiGrisi yamandulo

Njengase-Yiphutha yamandulo nakubukhosi baseRoma, amakhoboka amaGrike ayenokukhululwa yinkosi yawo. Ukwenza njalo, kwanele oko uya kuyibonakalisa ekuhleni. Kwakukho neemeko zabanini ababezenza phakathi komdlalo weqonga okanye kwityala, konke oko kwakufuneka kuthintelwe njengoko kukhokelela kuphazamiseko kuluntu.

Sikwafumana kubungqina bamatyala exesha le ukukhutshwa ngokudibeneyo yamakhoboka. Umzekelo, yenziwe nge Imisebenzi ukubulela ukuthembeka kwakho ngexesha lemfazwe.

Kwelinye icala, ikhoboka unokuyithenga inkululeko yakhe ngokutshintshiselana ngemali. Ukwenza oku, unokufaka isicelo semali mboleko okanye afune uncedo kusapho. Kwakukho iimeko zokukhutshwa ngokuyinxalenye. Ngale ndlela, sinokukuxelela malunga yeka, isivumelwano esasisebenzela inkosi yaso de kwalixesha lokufa kwaso saza sakhululwa. Oko kukuthi, iindlalifa azinakho ukuyilahla.

Nangona kunjalo, emva kokukhululwa akazange abe ngummi okhululekileyo. Isimo sakhe sasifana neso imeteco (igama linikwe abaphambukeli) kwaye ke ngenxa yoko babenezibophelelo ezithile.

Ukuqukumbela, amakhoboka eGrisi yamandulo ayene imeko elusizi njengalezo zazikwimeko efanayo eYiphutha okanye eRoma. Nangona kule mpucuko yokuqala babenamalungelo athile.