Imfundo yabantwana baseAthene

Ngalo lonke ixesha sijonga kwi IGrisi yakudala ngokuqinisekileyo sifumana uthelekiso nenkcaso phakathi IAthene neSparta. Oku kuyenzeka nakwimfundo: Imfundo yaseAthene Ukuqobisana la imfundo yabucala.

Kwakukho umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwezi zixeko zibini. ISparta imfundo yabaselula, ebizwa Umdala, wabaleka ophethe urhulumente. Eyona njongo yoku yayikukuqeqesha abantwana njengamajoni exesha elizayo. EAthene, nangona kunjalo, imfundo yayiyimfihlo kwaye wayenombono wehlabathi jikelele, nangona kungakho iyantlukwano ngokotitshala ngamnye. Uluvo ngokubanzi kuyo nayiphi na imeko yayikukuba abantwana bahlakule bobabini umzimba wabo kunye nengqondo yabo. Kwimihlathi elandelayo siza kucacisa ukuba kutheni le ndlela.

Okokuqala kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba Ngabantwana kuphela ababenakho ukufikelela kule mfundo. Amantombazana agxothwa emakhaya, apho afundiswa ngabasetyhini kwi-gynoecium. Injongo yayikukuba aba baseAthene abancinci babe ngoomama abalungileyo kunye noomama bendlu ebomini babantu abadala. Ngaphandle kokungafani okuncinci, oku kwakuxhaphakile kuzo zonke izixeko zamaGrike.

IPaideia

Inkqubo yezemfundo yeAthene yamandulo yaziwa njenge ipadeia. Ngokubanzi, iinjongo zale mfundo yayikukunceda abantwana abangamakhwenkwe ukuba bafikelele kwinqanaba eliphezulu lokuziphatha. Kwinqanaba lepragmatic, injongo yayikukubonelela uluntu ngamadoda alungiselelwe kakuhle ukuba athwale uxanduva kwezopolitiko nakwezomkhosi ekuya kufuneka bajongane nazo njengabemi ebudaleni.

Umoya wePaideia wawusekwe kwiintsika ezine o kalakogathia:

• Ubuhle ngokwasemzimbeni ngononophelo lomntu kunye nokuzilolonga.
• Isidima sokuziphatha, ukwahlula okulungileyo kokubi.
• Ubulumko, obufunyenwe ngolwazi.
• Inkalipho, umgangatho obalulekileyo wokusebenzisa kakuhle ezintathu zangaphambili.

Kude kube yiminyaka esixhenxe, amakhwenkwe namantombazana babelana ngeemfundiso ezisisiseko, uthotho lweenqobo zokuziphatha kunye neemodeli zokuziphatha abathi oonina kunye namakhoboka aphethe ukhathalelo lwabo adlulisele abancinci ngesiko lomlomo: iintsomi, imibongo, iHomeric, amabali yamaqhawe, njl. Iintsapho ezizizityebi zazinekhoboka elinenkcubeko elibizwa ngokuba umfundisi-ntsapho, ebikade iphethe le misebenzi.

Amanqanaba emfundo yaseAthene

La ucalucalulo yaveliswa yakufikelela kwiminyaka esixhenxe. Emva koko amakhwenkwe aqala uhambo lwawo lokufunda kwisikolo sikarhulumente okanye mzantsiweb. Apho i Iigrama Yabafundisa ukufunda nokubhala, ukongeza ekubaziseni kwabo kwizigama ezisisiseko zezibalo. Abafundi bahlala ezitulweni kwaye basebenzisa iibhodi ze-wax kunye neepapiri ukwenza umsebenzi wabo wesikolo. Ukohlwaya ngokwasemzimbeni kwakuqhelekile kwaye kujongwa kakuhle. Uqeqesho lomculo, olukhoyo kuwo onke amabakala, yayisesinye sezifundo ezisisiseko. Utitshala ophethe lo mbandela wayesaziwa njenge zintsi.

Ukusukela kwiminyaka ye-12, abantwana baqaliswa kwezemidlalo: ukubambana, ukutsiba, ukubaleka, ukuphosa, ukuqubha ... Abantwana bachitha iiyure ezininzi ibala, kodwa bebezilolonga nokuzilolonga kakhulu ngaphandle, behlala beze ngokupheleleyo kwaye bephantsi kweliso lika kubhatube. Ukubaluleka kwemidlalo yayikukuba ekuhambeni kwexesha izikolo zefilosofi zaziwa njenge gyms.

Xa befika kwiminyaka eyi-18, abantu abancinci baba yi-ephebos. Inkqubo ye- ephebia yathatha iminyaka emibini kwaye yayiyeyona nqanaba libaluleke kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwabaseAthene abaselula. Ngeli xesha babeqeqeshelwe ubugcisa bemfazwe (uqeqesho lomkhosi) kwaye bafundiswa ukuba ngabemi abanenkathalo, izithethi ezilungileyo kunye nabaphathi bakarhulumente abasebenzayo.

Abantu abancinci abavela kwiintsapho ezizityebi bayandisile imfundo yabo ngaphezulu kweminyaka ye-21 ezandleni zefilosofi kunye nootitshala abadumileyo. Ityala elaziwayo lelo lomfana UAlexander Omkhulu, imfundo yakhe eAthene yayiqhutywa ngulo kanye Aristotle.

Umba ophikisanayo wemfundo yase-Athene (kunye nemfundo yamaGrike ngokubanzi) yayiluthando lokuba bakhule ubudlelwane obusondeleyo phakathi kotitshala omdala kunye nomfundi ofikisayo. Ngamanye amaxesha, obu budlelwane babuthatha ngokucacileyo ubucalucalulo, olwamkelweyo ekuhlaleni.

I-Sophists kunye nemfundo yase-Athene

Ukongeza kwezemidlalo, ubugcisa bezomkhosi kunye nomculo, kwimfundo yabantwana nolutsha eAthene kukho izifundo ezithile okanye izifundo ezazibaluleke kakhulu ekusekweni kwabemi be polis. Ezi zifundo zazifundiswa ngu Abadlali kubafundi abakhethe imfundo ephezulu emva kwenqanaba le-ephebia.

Ngoobani iiSophists? Ngokusisiseko ootitshala bezemfundo ngokubanzi ngokubanzi. Iimfundiso zakhe zazijolise kwinjongo ethile: ukuqeqeshwa kwezithethi ezifundileyo nezinobuciko. Ezi mpawu zazibalulekile kwimpumelelo kubomi bezopolitiko, apho izigqibo ezininzi zazixhomekeke kwisakhono sezithethi zokuqinisekisa abemi ngombono othile okanye enye.

Le njongo yaphunyezwa ngokuqeqesha abafundi kwezi zifundo zilandelayo:

• Dialectics, ikwabizwa ngokuba "bubugcisa beengxoxo." Ootitshala baqeqesha abafundi babo ngokubafundisa ukwenza iintetho ezimbini apho kwakukhuselwa umbono omnye kunye nelinye.
• IMathemata, Umxholo obandakanya phakathi kwezinye izinto njengezibalo, ijiyometri, imvisiswano kunye neenkwenkwezi.
• Iingxelo, "Ubugcisa bokuthetha." ILee yafundiswa kwisakhono sokucenga abaphulaphuli ngegama.