IAcropolis

La IAcropolis yaseAthene yeyona icon enkulu yenkunzi EGrisi kunye nomqondiso wozuko kunye namandla empucuko yakudala yamaGrike. Akukho mkhenkethi udlula kule ndawo ngaphandle kokundwendwela le ndawo.

Ngapha koko, ezinye iidolophu ezininzi zamaGrike zinee-acropolis zazo, igama elisetyenziselwa ukuchaza indawo ephezulu yepolis. Ngokukodwa, leyo yeAthene inyuka ngeemitha ezili-156 ngaphezulu komphakamo wolwandle kwaye ifikeleleka kuphela kwelinye lamacala ayo, apho iintsalela zamathambo zisabonakala. Imijikelezo yecyclopean ukuthandana ukususela ngelo xesha mycenaean.

Ubungangamsha beAcropolis yaseAthene buqala malunga ne-XNUMXth century BC, xa kutyeba ngakumbi Atenas kwaqala ukwakhiwa kweetempile ezinikezelwe ku-Athena nabanye oothixo kweli "litye lingcwele."

El I-Parthenon, i Erechtheum kunye neminye imimangaliso yobudala bamandulo yatshatyalaliswa ngamaPersi ngo-480 BC Emva koloyiso lwamaGrike kwi Iimfazwe zoNyango Izakhiwo zakhiwe kwakhona kwaye indawo ebiyelweyo ibiyelwe ngodonga.

Ukongeza, kwakumba imingxunya emikhulu ngaphakathi ukuze kungcwatywe imifanekiso yoothixo (ethathwa njengengcwele) eyathi yatshabalala. Namhlanje uninzi lwale mifanekiso iqingqiweyo lunokunconywa Imyuziyam yaseAcropolis, utyelelo olucetyiswayo lwabathandi bezinto zakudala.

IPropylaea, amasango eAcropolis

Emva kokunyuka endulini, iindwendwe zingena kwindawo ebiyelweyo kwithambeka elingasentshona, zinqumla IPropylaea, amasango eAcropolis. Olu lwakhiwo lwakhiwa ngo-437 BC kusetyenziswa yemabhile evela enkwalini yePentelic, ngaphandle nje kwesixeko. Yayinamalungu amabini amakhulu oxande awayeyile indawo yokungena kwindawo ebiyelweyo.

Edlulileyo iPropylaea, izitepsi zamatye zikhokelela kwi Itempile ka-Athena Victoria, Esagcina iikholamu zayo ze-Ionic kunye nenxalenye yesakhiwo sayo. Kumaxesha amandulo yayigcinwa ngaphakathi umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wesithixokazi uAthena, umkhuseli wesixeko, onamaphiko ashunqulwe ngokufuziselayo ukuze sihlale sikhusela abantu baseAthene.

Nantsi ke i- Itempile ka-Artemis Brauronia, apho namhlanje kushiyeke imizila embalwa.

Nangona namhlanje ibonelela ngento ehamba ze, ngemini yayo bekukho ne ihlathi elingcwele uwele owabizwa ngokuba yi-Via Sacra.

ICarthenon

I-jewel enkulu ye-Acropolis yi Itempile enikelwe kuthixokazi uAthens Parthenos (IVirgin Athena), eyaziwa njenge "iParthenon".

Yakhiwe ngaphakathi Uhlobo lwe-doric kunye nokulandela i Uluhlu lwemilinganiselo yobudalaIikholamu ezisibhozo kwicala elimxinwa nge-17 ububanzi; Ikholamu nganye ziimitha ezili-10,43, okt, 5,5 ephindaphinda ububanzi besiseko sayo. Izinto zangaphandle zokuhombisa zefriza zinokunconywa namhlanje kwi Imyuziyam yaseBrithani elondon. Kwiimopu zabo babemelwe phakathi kwezinye izinto Imfazwe yeTrojan kunye nomngcelele we IPanateneas.

Ngaphakathi kweCarthenon usenokubona isiseko apho umfanekiso oqingqiweyo ka-Athena wawakhiwe khona, ziimitha ezilishumi ukuphakama, eqingqwe UPhidias ngegolide nangeempondo zeendlovu.

I-Erechtheum

Sesona sakhiwo santlandlolo kwiAcropolis. Zakhelwe kumhlaba ongalinganiyo, ayilingani kwaye kwelinye lamacala ayo ithatha indawo yeekholamu zodidi oludumileyo caryatids. Le mifanekiso iqingqiweyo yabasetyhini ithiywa ngamagama amantombazana aseSpartan athinjwe njengamakhoboka ngama-Athene ngexesha leMfazwe yasePeloponnesia.

Isiko lakudala laseAthene lagunyazisa ukuba ngaphakathi kwe Erechtheum hlala njalo inyoka ephilayo, owawumele umoya weqhawe u-Erechtheus. Ukuba le nyoka ifile, kuye kwafuneka itshintshwe kwangoko yenye.

Ngamaxesha aseByzantium le tempile yaguqulwa yenziwa icawe; Kamva, phantsi kolawulo lwe-Ottoman, yaba yindawo yokuqala yama-mosque kwaye emva koko yabafazi be-Pasha.

Iqonga likaDionysus

Le tempile, eyakhiwe ngamatye ngo-340 BC, ngumzekelo obalaseleyo weklasikhi Indawo yemidlalo yamaGrike. I Iqonga likaDionysusIbizwa ngewonga lokunqula uthixo wewayini, ikwindawo esemazantsi mpuma eAcropolis kwaye ngelo xesha yayinamandla okusingatha ababukeli abali-17.000.

Ecaleni kwayo kukho iintsalela zesinye isakhiwo esaziwa njenge Odeon wasePericles, ezinikele kwimidlalo yokubamba.

Olunye ulwakhiwo lweAcropolis yaseAthene

Kuninzi lwezakhiwo ezazimi e-Acropolis ngexesha layo legolide, akukho zintsalela zibonakalayo namhlanje. Nangona kunjalo, kwiMyuziyam yase-Acropolis ungabona imveliso ethembekileyo kunye neenkcazo malunga nentsingiselo yazo kunye nemisebenzi yazo. Ezi zezona zibalulekileyo:

• El Ukuhlaziya, isakhiwo esikumantla eAcropolis apho amabhinqa aselula aphetheyo, phakathi kwezinye izinto, okugcina umfanekiso oqingqiweyo ka-Athena ahlala kuwo.
• El Eleusinion, Itempile eyakhiwe ngokomyalelo kaPericles wokunqula iimfihlakalo zikaEleusis.
• El U-Asclepeion, yayinikelwe kuthixo wamayeza abagulayo nababingeleli ababesiya kuwo.