Oonobumba kunye nokubhalwa kweGrisi yakudala

Oonobumba besiGrike

Oonobumba besiGrike

Oonobumba besiGrike nokubhala bamodareyithwa kwezo zenziwe ngu AmaFenike. Aba, abasuka kuMbindi Mpuma, babengoomatiloshe abakhulu abaseke iifektri okanye iikholoni zorhwebo kulo lonke IMeditera ukufikelela kwi-Peninsula efanayo ye-Iberia.

Kodwa ikwangabokuqala ukwenza ifayile ye- alfabhethiOko kukuthi, iseti yemifanekiso ebonisa izandi. Kude kube lelo xesha, ukubhala kwakuqulethe ii icon ezabonisa oko kwakuthethwa. Yinto ebizwa njalo Ukubhalwa kwemifanekiso.

Umzekelo wokuqala woonobumba kunye nokubhalwa kweGrisi yamandulo: Linear B

Oonobumba baseFenike basasazwa ngabaqambi bayo kuyo yonke iMeditera, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni abantu abaninzi bayivumelanise neemfuno zabo. Kuzo zonke, mhlawumbi ezona zihambele phambili zazikho IsiGrike, eyayigqibezela.

Nangona kunjalo, kufuneka sikuxelele ukuba yayingeyiyo inkqubo yokuqala yokubhala esetyenziswa ngamaGrike. Ngaphambi kweli xesha yinto ebizwa njalo Umgama B, isetyenziswe kwi Ixesha le-MycenaeanOko kukuthi, eyaphambi kweClassical Greece, egubungela, malunga, phakathi kwe-1600 kunye ne-1200 BC kwaye eyayinee-protagonists izixeko ze UTroy, Thebes, Atenas o Iitiryns.

Into ehonjiswe ngoonobumba bakudala besiGrike

Into ehonjiswe ngoonobumba bakudala besiGrike

Umgca B, owaziwa nangokuthi Mycenaean yamaGrike, yayi luhlobo lwe Ukubhala isilabhasi. Eli ligama lalowo iisimboli zakhe ngokudibeneyo zimela isandi sezikhamiso kunye nesinye isivumelanisi (isilabhili). Umsebenzi wayo wawungengowoncwadi, kodwa wawusisiseko solawulo. Yayisetyenziselwa ukurekhoda iindleko zamabhotwe asebukhosini. Njengesiseko sokubhala, zazisetyenziswa iisileyi zodongwe ethi, ekupheleni konyaka, ibidla ngokutshatyalaliswa ukuqala i-accounting entsha.

Iinguqulelo zamaGrike kwialfabhethi yamaFenike

Ngenxa yoko, xa amaGrike amkela oonobumba baseFenike malunga ne-1100 BC, bayidibanisa neendlela zabo zokubhala. Ngale ndlela, bayiphucule kwaye bayenza yagqitywa kwaye yasebenza. Phakathi kweminikelo yakhe, oku kulandelayo kuyabonakala.

Ukungeniswa kwezikhamiso

Eyona nto iphambili iziswe yi-Hellenes yayiyi ukwaziswa kwezikhamiso, ayikho kwincwadi yaseFenike. Ukubamela, ungacingi ukuba benze iinzame zokucinga nokuba. Bazilinganisela ekuthatheni ezinye iisimboli zemodeli yaseFenike abangazidingiyo kulwimi lwabo kwaye baziguqula zaba lupelo lwezikhamiso. Izikhamiso zokuqala zazingo Alfa, epsilon, iota, Amagqabantshintshi e ipsilon.

Nangona kunjalo, eli galelo libaluleke kakhulu kwimbali yoLuntu. Ngapha koko, zonke ii-alfabhethi zamva nje ezibandakanya imiqondiso yezikhamiso zisekwe kwisiGrike.

Imephu yeGrisi yakudala

Imephu yeGrisi yakudala

Olunye igalelo koonobumba kunye nokubhalwa kweGrisi yakudala

I-Hellenes ikwazise nolunye uluvo koonobumba abazuze ilifa. Yiyo loo nto benze iikonsonanti ezintathu ezintsha: Fi kunye Gi njengomboniso wezandi ezingekhoyo kulwimi lwaseFenike kunye ne Psi esasetyenziswa nanamhlanje kulwimi lwehlelo. Ukuguqulelwa ngamaRoma, isabonakala ngeSpanish xa kubhalwa amagama anjenge "psychology" okanye "psychiatry."

Indaleko yoonobumba besiGrike

Kwimvelaphi yayo, oonobumba kunye nokubhalwa kweGrisi yakudala kuye kwanezipelo ezithile ezathi kamva zanyamalala. Ziimeko ze idramma, ephinde yahlaziya ifayile ye- Wau OwaseFenike; i san, ezazinesandi esifanayo nesigma kwaye ke kulula ukuba zibhideke, okanye quppa, evelisa kwakhona isandi esidubulayo se-uvular qop yamaFenike awayengekho ngesiGrike.

Kodwa kubaluleke ngakumbi ukuba ugcine engqondweni ukuba oonobumba besiGrike babengalingani ngokupheleleyo. Ngokukodwa, yayineendlela ezimbini eziphambili: oriental okanye ionic, eyamkelwa yiAthene ngo-406 BC, kunye entshona okanye calcidic, eyakhokelela koonobumba be-Etruscan kwaye, ukusuka koku, ukuya kwelaseRoma.

AmaGrike ayitshintsha nendlela yawo yokubhala. Ekuqaleni, babesebenzisa indlela ye- uhlobo lwe-bustrofedon yokubhala, equka ukubhala umgca ukusuka ekunene ukuya ekhohlo, elandelayo ukusuka ekhohlo ukuya ekunene njalo njalo. Ngale ndlela, bahlala beqala ukubhala kwicala apho bebegqibezele umgca odlulileyo.

Nangona kunjalo, ngexesha iAthene yamkela oonobumba besiGrike, ukubhala kwakusoloko kusenziwa ukusuka ekhohlo ukuya ekunene kanye njengoko sisenza ngoku eNtshona.

Isiqwenga se 'Odyssey'

Isicatshulwa esivela kwiHomer's 'Odyssey'

Amanani, olunye usetyenziso loonobumba besiGrike

Njengoko usazi, amaRoma asebenzisa oonobumba bawo ukubala. Ngapha koko, sisasebenzisa amanani aseRoma namhlanje, umzekelo, kangangeenkulungwane. Nangona kunjalo, oku sele kwenziwe ngamaGrike amandulo. Ngokukodwa bekukho kwifayile ye- Ummandla we-Ionia, engaphezulu nangaphantsi ebandakanya unxweme olusembindini nasentshona I-Anatolia, namhlanje yiTurkey, kunye neziqithi zayo.

Njengoko iLatinos yayiza kwenza kamva, unobumba ngamnye woonobumba besiGrike bamele inani. Kwaye bagcina kule nkqubo oonobumba bokuqala ababebasusile. Njengomzekelo, siza kukuxelela ukuba i-alpha yayixabisa u-1, i-beta inexabiso elingu-2 njalo njalo de sayokufika kwi-iota eyayifanele u-10. 20.

IsiGrike sixhasa ukubhala

Ngelixa ugqibezela oonobumba kunye neenombolo, amaGrike nawo inkxaso ephuculweyo ababeqhele ukubhala. Ngokomgaqo kwaye njengamaFenike, basebenzise amacwecwe odongwe athambileyo kunye nezixhobo ezichaziweyo. Kodwa, ekuhambeni kwexesha, babesamkela iitafile ezibanzi (kubandakanya iinkuni ezifakwe kwi-wax) kunye ne Umpapiri kunye isikhumba.

Ukuqukumbela, kumaGrike esityala wona ukwenziwa koonobumba njengoko sikuqonda namhlanje, ngezikhamiso kunye namaqabane. Kodwa, ukongeza, enkosi kwinkangeleko yoku, sikwazile ukugcina imisebenzi yababhali abakhulu be Into yakudala yamaGrike Kuwo onke amabakala olwazi, ukusuka kwifilosofi ukuya kwezamayeza. Umzekelo, siyayazi loo nto USocrates akazange abhale kwanto, kodwa izimvo zakhe zabhalwa ngumfundi wakhe UPlato owathi naye, wabhala eyakhe. Ngaba awucingi ukuba masibulele amaGrike ngale nkonzo intle kangaka?


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