Oko amaYiputa amandulo ayenjalo

Ngaba wakha wazibuza ukuba ayenjani amaYiputa amandulo? Eyakho ibinjalo enye yezona mpucuko zibalulekileyo zakudala, Kunye neMesopotamiya, amaGrike namaRoma. Yiyo kanye le nkqubela bayenzileyo esivumele ukuba sishiye ilifa uninzi imisebenzi yobugcisa ezisinika ulwazi olubanzi malunga nokuba ubomi babo bemihla ngemihla babunjani.

Ndiyabulela kuye, sinolwazi ngamasiko abo, inkolo yabo, indlela yabo yokuzilawula, ukwakhiwa koluntu lwabo kunye neefashoni ezilandelwe zezona klasi zityebileyo. Ukuba ufuna ukwazi ukuba amaYiputa amandulo ayenjani, siyakukhuthaza ukuba uqhubeke nokufunda.

Ahlala njani amaYiputa amandulo

Impucuko yakudala yase-Egypt yahlala phantse iinkulungwane ezingamashumi amathathu. Iqale ukukhula malunga nomjelo ophakathi we Umlambo umNayile Ukuya enyakeni 3.100 BC kwaye yacinywa inje ngeenxa zonke 31 emva koKristu, xa yangena eBukumkanini baseRoma. Kungekudala, benza inkcubeko esisamangalisayo nanamhlanje ngenqanaba lophuhliso. Makhe sibone imiba ephambili.

Babenjani amaYiputa amandulo: imbonakalo yomzimba

Ngokusengqiqweni, ukutyhubela iinkulungwane ezingamashumi amathathu, inkangeleko ebonakalayo yama-Egypt itshintshe kakhulu. Kodwa, ukuba kufuneka sithembe ukubonakaliswa kwemifanekiso abasishiyileyo, mhlawumbi kulungiselelwe kwelinye icala, sinokufikelela kwizigqibo ezithile.

Ke, sinako ukwahlula abahlali kumjelo weNayile amaqela amabini amakhulu. Kwelinye icala, amalungu eeklasi ezizodwa ayemade kwaye ebhityile, enobuso obembhoxo, ibunzi elithambekileyo, kunye nempumlo ende ethe nkqo. Babedla ngokucheba iintloko zabo ukunxiba iiwigi ezimnyama ezithe nkqo apho yayiyintloko yesithsaba.

Kwelinye icala, amalungu eeklasi eziqhuba kakuhle ayemfutshane kwaye enebala elinamandla. Babenempumlo ethambileyo kunye neenwele ezigobileyo kodwa zendalo, njengoko babengenakukwazi ukuthenga iiwigi.

Ukuvuna Ukuvuna

Ukuvuna isivuno kwi-Egypt yakudala

Kwelinye icala, ixesha lokuphila kwi-Yiphutha laMandulo lalikufutshane Iminyaka engamashumi amane ngokomndilili. Kodwa, njengoko unokuthelekelela, abantu abakumgangatho ophezulu baphila ixesha elide kakhulu kunabanye, baphantsi kwemisebenzi enzima kwaye engenambulelo.

Izifo eziqhelekileyo kumanxweme omNayile ngelo xesha zazikho iscurvy kunye isifo sofuba, ezazibulala ngelo xesha kwaye zibabhubhisa abantu.

Usapho, ubomi boluntu kunye norhulumente

Njengoko kusenzeka kuthi, usapho yayiyeyona nto ixabisekileyo kumaYiputa. Umtshato wawuthathwa njenge imeko efanelekileyo lomntu nokufika komntwana omtsha kwa ibhiyozelwa kakhulu, nangona kamva baya kufundiswa ngokwamathuba ngamnye. Abantwana beeklasi ezithobekileyo babefunda iofisi yabazali bakhe, ngelixa amantombazana ethotywa umsebenzi wasekhaya. Endaweni yoko, abantwana abakumgangatho ophezulu bafundiswa kuqala ngamakhoboka kwaye, kamva, kuhlobo lwezikolo apho bafunda khona ukufunda nokubhala, inkolo kunye nezibalo. Abokugqibela babizwa Izindlu zoBomi.

Kwelinye icala, amaYiputa amandulo batshata besebancinci kakhulu, neminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu nje kuphela kwaye malunga neyeshumi elinambini yazo. Ewe kunjalo, bekusengqiqweni kuthathelwa ingqalelo ixesha elifutshane lokuphila kwakhe.

Ngokubhekisele kubomi boluntu, yayiyimidlalo ethandwayo kakhulu efana nayo bill, ethathwa njengenye yezinto ezidlulileyo ze-backgammon yangoku. Kodwa babeyithanda nemidlalo. Ngapha koko, ziyaqwalaselwa Abaqambi bebhaluni. Ngapha koko, babenobuchule silwe, Las ukugijima, i susa kunye utolo. Bade baziqhelanisa nento enje umdlalo wamanqindi.

Kuya kuba nomdla ngakumbi ukwazi ukuba isiselo esithandayo samaYiputa sasiyiyo Ibhiya Kananjalo babeneentlobo ngeentlobo zayo. Ezona zixabisekileyo yile babeyibiza isremet, nangona yayifumaneka kuphela kubantu abambalwa abanelungelo. Baye batya iwayini ngobuninzi kwaye, ngokutya, bayayithanda inyama kunye nentlanzi kwaye bazithanda kakhulu iimveliso ezinje ioyile, la imayela, Las ziqhamo kunye ipipi.

Amakhoboka aseNubian

Ukumelwa kwamanye amakhoboka aseNubian

La ekhaya yase-Middle Egypt yayithobekile, ineendonga zodaka zipeyintwe mhlophe. Babedla ngokuba nayo umgangatho omnye kwaye balinganise phakathi kwamashumi amane ikhulu elinamanci amabini eemitha zesikwere ngokobutyebi bosapho olaluhlala kulo. Babeneefestile ezincinci kwaye kuhlala abantu abahlanu ukuya kwabalishumi.

Nangona kunjalo, amaYiputa babeyihlonela kakhulu impilo. Ngapha koko, ziyaqwalaselwa Abaqambi bebrashi yamazinyo kwaye, ngokutsho kweminye imithombo, izimonyo. Inxalenye enkulu, oku kungenxa yokuba banikwe kubaluleke kakhulu kubuhle.

Umbutho wezopolitiko wayenentloko engenakuphikiswa: UFaro, apho kuye kwachazwa iipropathi zobuthixo. Kwakukho ke namagosa aphezulu karhulumente, abiziweyo ngababhalikunye ababingeleli. Emva koko kwafika idolophu ecacileyo, eyayizinikele ikakhulu kwimisebenzi yezandla nakwezolimo.

Okokugqibela, zazikhona amakhoboka ababenazo nabo amalungelo athile. Ngokusemthethweni, abanini babo kwakufuneka bababonelele ngokutya nendawo yokuhlala, kodwa kunye neempahla kunye nezinye iimveliso. Banokuthenga umhlaba bafumane imali, into engacingi nokucinga ngamakhoboka obunye ubukhosi beli xesha.

Njani amaYiputa amandulo: inkolo kunye nemikhosi

Inkolo kwiYiputa yaseYiputa yayihlala ihleli oothixo abaninzi. Kuphela uFaro Amenhotep IV wavunyelwa ukuba ashiye uthixo omnye: Aten (Enye yezibongozo ze Ra) Wazibhengeza njengomlamli phakathi kwakhe namadoda. Nangona kunjalo unyana wakhe, odumileyo UTutankhamunWabuyela kuthixo, ngakumbi ephantsi kwempembelelo yabefundisi ababephulukene namandla kunaye.

Itempile kaHatshepsut

Itempile kaHatshepsut

Oothixo babemelwe ngeempawu isishwankathelo, nangona kwezinye iimeko bezongezwa iintloko zezilwanyana ebhekisa ngokubanzi kumandla akhe. Umzekelo, Horus Wayemelwe ngentloko yongxowankulu, Anubis yenja, Sobek ingwenya kunye nguSete enye efana naleyo yengcuka. Le yokugqibela, Aten okanye Ra, Shu, Geb, Tecnut, Nephthys, Osiris kunye Isis, wenza Ukudibanisa neHeliopolis, lelinye lawona maqela abalulekileyo oothixo.

Ngokubhekisele kwimisitho yonqulo, mhlawumbi akukho bantu babeneninzi njengamaYiputa. Abanyulanga njengezinto zokunqula izilwanyana ezininzi, kodwa nezityalo.

Ukubhiyozela nokunika imbeko koothixo babo, babebhiyozela imithendeleko eyahlukeneyo. Mhlawumbi eyona nto ibalulekileyo yayingumnxeba Umthendeleko weZililo zeIsis, eyayenzelwe ukuzila kwaye yenzeka ngenyanga kaNovemba. Kwangokunjalo, ngexesha lasebusika solstice Khangela uOsiris. Lo yayingomnye woothixo ababezukiswa kakhulu ngamaJiphutha, kuba babebhiyozela uNdikhoyo U-Osiris uphinde wavela, ukufa kwakhe okanye Umthendeleko weMbewu nokuvuka kwakhe.

I-Isis ikwafumene ukwamkelwa okuninzi ekupheleni konyaka. Umzekelo olungileyo wazo yayingu Iilwandle okanye umthendeleko wokuCocwa kweIsis, ezenzeka ebusika. Ngamafutshane, eminye imibhiyozo yonqulo yolo luntu yayiyi IBella Fiesta del Valleyendalo yomngcwabo kwaye usapho lukaFaro lwaluthathe inxaxheba; I-Laginoforia, iseti yemibhiyozo enxulunyaniswa newayini kwaye igama lazo libizwa kwi-lágino, isikhongozeli apho isiselo sasithuthwa khona, kunye iqela eliphikisayo, eqinisekisa ubudlelwane phakathi kuka-Amun-Re noFaro ngokwakhe.

Inzululwazi

AmaYiputa amandulo ayenjalo Abaqambi abakhulu. Ziyimfuneko, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ipapyrus, amakhandlela okanye izitshixo, ukukhankanya kuphela izinto ezintathu zosetyenziso lwemihla ngemihla. Kodwa, ngakumbi ngakumbi, babezimele ngaphandle kwabo inkqubela phambili kwimathematika nakwijiyometri. Ngapha koko, amaGrike uHerodotus noStrabo baqonda ukuba abantu babo babazuze njengelifa kumaYiputa.

Akudingeki ukuba sikuxelele malunga nomthamo ababenawo kuyilo kuba kwanele ukubona iipiramidi okanye iitempile abasinike zona ukuze siyiqonde. Ngokubhekisele kwikhemistry, kubonakala ngathi nabo bebenjalo Oosomachiza abakhulu. Kukholelwa ukuba, njengoko sikuxelele, babengabokuqala ukwenza izithambiso kwaye basebenzise i iglasi kunye nodaka lwekalika.

Isikhumbuzo selitutankhamun

I-Tutankhamen

Okokugqibela, ngokubhekisele kunyango, bafikile kuthi izivumelwano ezahlukeneyo ngombandela weYiputa yamandulo. Umzekelo, yena UEdwin Smith Papyrus, kuthathelwa ingqalelo uxwebhu lokuqala lotyando (i-XNUMXth BC); enye ye Hearst, eyifomu esebenzayo yoogqirha, okanye enye ye lahun, kwizifo zabasetyhini. Ngapha koko, umYiputa wayengugqirha wokuqala owaziwayo: IHesy-Ra, owayehlala ngonyaka wama-3.000 BC.

Oko amaYiputa amandulo ayenjani: ubugcisa

Ngokuchanekileyo kubugcisa ukuba sinetyala kakhulu kwinto esiyaziyo nge-Egypt yamandulo. Enkosi ngobunewunewu bokupeyinta nokukrola, sifumene ulwazi oluxabisekileyo ngobomi bakhe namasiko akhe. Kubonakala ngathi bayayithanda i- Yenzang kwaye ayinakuphepheka kukuba sithethe nawe malunga nomnxeba iprofayile yase-Egypt.

Ngokwenyani, le ndlela inomdla wokubonisa izidalwa kungenxa yengcinga emelweyo ebizwa "Ngaphandle"  kwaye esona sizathu siphambili sokuba umbono wobugqi loo dolophu yayinobugcisa. Ngamanye amagama, amanani amelweyo kunokwenzeka ukuba abekho ihlonitshwe kwaye, ngenxa yoko, amanye amalungu ajonge phambili ngelixa amanye ebejonge ecaleni ukuba abonakale ngokwamkelekileyo macala onke.

Ukuqukumbela, ukuba ubuzibuza ukuba ayenjani amaYiputa amandulo, kuya kufuneka wazi ukuba akhe yenye yezona mpucuko zisexesheni zexesha lazo. Nangona kunjalo, njengoko kuhlala kusenzeka kwimibutho yoluntu ephucukileyo, iyakuphela ixhomekeke kwabanye ekunyukeni okunje IsiGrike kunye nomRoma ngelo xesha.


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