Ezona pharao zibalulekileyo zase-Egypt yakudala

Ezona pharao zibalulekileyo zase-Egypt yaMandulo ikakhulu zinoxanduva lokuthandwa yimpucuko ekhoyo kwihlabathi liphela namhlanje. Kubo sinetyala imisebenzi emikhulu kakhulu esiyigcinayo ngoku kunye nokuba umhlaba wakho ugcina uhleli wonke aura yemfihlakalo kunye nomlingo.

Kwaye ayingabo nabona baphengululi babalaseleyo base-Egypt yakudala abakwazanga ukucacisa indlela impucuko yomNayile eyayinokwakha ngayo imisebenzi yayo emihle yokwakha kunye nobunjineli phantsi kolawulo lwala makhosi xa ezinye iinkcubeko zazisele zishiye Neolithic. Ukuba ufuna ukubazi ngcono abalinganiswa abangaqhelekanga kancinci, siyakumema ukuba usilandele kutyelelo lweefaro ezibaluleke kakhulu kwihlabathi. IYiputa yamandulo.

Ezona pharao zibalulekileyo zase-Egypt yaMandulo, ukusuka kwi-Djoser ukuya eCleopatra

Iifaroo zalathisa ikamva le-Egypt yamandulo ixesha elide lamawaka amathathu eminyaka kubandakanya ubukhosi obahlukeneyo. Babephantse babe ngabalinganiswa bakaThixo okanye, ubuncinci, babonwa njengenzala yoothixo abanjengo Horus o Ra. Nangona kunjalo, yayikukufa apho, yadibana nayo Osiris, bafikelela kudidi lokwenene lobuthixo. Kodwa, ngaphandle kokuqhubela phambili, masihlangane nabona babalaseleyo kubo.

Zoser, umbhali wepiramidi yokuqala egciniweyo

Lo pharao, okwaziwa njenge Imvelaphi Kwaye walawula phakathi kuka-2665 ukuya ku-2645 BC, akayena odumileyo njengabo bangaphambili. Kodwa, ukuba sithetha nawe malunga Imhotep, mhlawumbi uya kuzibeka ngcono. Ukuyalelwa yeyokuqala, eyesibini yakha inyathelo lepiramidi yeSaqqara, emazantsi eMemphis, ikomkhulu lobukhosi bakhe.

Ikwabizwa ngokuba yipiramidi enyathelekileyo ye-Djoser ngenxa yemilo yayo, yayisebenza njengemodeli yeendawo zokugqibela zeGiza kunye nazo zonke ezinye iipiramidi kamva. Kwaye i-Imhotep ithathwa njenge umyili wokuqala omkhulu kwimbali.

I-Cheops, eyokuqala phakathi kweefarao ezibaluleke kakhulu kwi-Egypt yamandulo

Ngokuchanekileyo uFaro owayenefayile ye- IPiramidi enkulu yaseGiza lithe kamva kwaye sele libaluleke ngokwenene. Ikwabizwa ngokuba UJufu, walawula ikamva lase-Egypt phakathi konyaka ka-2589 nowama-2566 ngaphambi koYesu Kristu. Ngokwembali, wayedume ngokuba nguzwilakhe, apho isiGrike sanegalelo elinamandla khona UHerodotus, ongumbhali-mbali ongqongqo kakhulu.

Ngayiphi na imeko, ukusishiya njengePiramidi eNkulu yaseGiza kusenzela ezinye izinto. Ngaphandle kwento, kuphela kwayo Izimangaliso ezisixhenxe zehlabathi yakudala esinayo namhlanje kunye nepiramidi enkulu kunazo zonke ezakhiwe kwi-Egypt yakudala.

Kukholelwa ukuba ubuhlakani obunoxanduva lokuyikhulisa yayingoyilo hemiunu, ngelo xesha yayiyiyo incoko okanye umantyi wokuqala emva kofaro ngokwakhe. Ubungangamsha bomsebenzi wakhe buza kukunika umbono wokuba yayisesona sakhiwo siphakamileyo kwiplanethi de kwaba yinkulungwane ye-XNUMX emva kukaKrestu, xa sasigqitha kwikomkhulu laseLincoln Cathedral, eGreat Britain.

Kulo Imyuziyam yase-Egypt eCairo ungabona ukumelwa kweeCheops. Ngumfanekiso omncinane wendlovu ofunyenwe ngumembi wezinto zakudala oliNgesi uFlinders Petrie kwi I-Abydos, ebizwa ngokuba sisiXeko esingcwele sika-Osiris.

UKhafre, umlandeli ofanelekileyo

Nyana weCheops, le pharao ayinakuthiwa ibeke utata endaweni embi. Kungenxa yokuba wayengenayo eyakhe kuphela iphiramidi eyakhelweyo, kodwa eyaziwayo I-sphinx enkulu, Olunye lweempawu ezinkulu ze-Egypt yakudala.

UKhafre wagweba phakathi konyaka wama-2547 nowama-2521 kwaye, ukuba kuphela ngexabiso elikhulu loko asinike kona, kufuneka abekwe phakathi kweefaro ezibaluleke kakhulu kwi-Egypt yakudala. Ukongeza, sikwanommeli wakhe uhleli phantsi umfanekiso oqingqiweyo kaJafra, onokuthi ubone kwi Imyuziyam yase-Egypt eCairo.

UTuthmosis III, umoyisi

UFaro wethu omkhulu olandelayo akazange abonakale kakhulu kwiinkxalabo zakhe ezakhayo nangokunqwenela ukoyisa. Ngapha koko, wenza amaphulo amaninzi e-Lebanon yanamhlanje, eSyria nasePalestine kangangokuba, ngexesha lokulawula kwakhe, uBukhosi base-Egypt baphumelela ulwandiso oluphezulu lomhlaba.

I-Tuthmosis III yalawula ukusuka kwi-1479 ukuya kwi-1425 BC kwaye, endaweni yokwakha iitempile, wajongana nokubuyisela nokwandisa esele zikhona. Nangona kunjalo, unetyala le sixhenxe esikhulu Iibelisk zeKarnak. Ingcwaba lakhe lafunyanwa kwindawo engenakuthelekiswa nanto Intlambo yaseKumkani.

Amenophis III

Njengangaphambili, ibingowakwa Ubukhosi be-XNUMX baseYiputa kwaye walawula phakathi kwe-1390 kunye ne-1353 ngaphambi kukaYesu Krestu. Ulawulo lwakhe lwalulude kwaye lwaluphumelele, kuba wayeyazi indlela yokusebenzisa ithuba lokoyisa kwabo babengaphambi kwakhe ukugcina isikhundla sobungqongqo kuloo ndawo.

Wayengumakhi omkhulu. Phakathi kwemisebenzi ayinyusileyo, intsha Itempile yeThebes o EzikaSoleb, eNubia. Of mausoleum yakhe kuphela ekuthiwa-njalo IColossi yaseMemnon, imifanekiso eqingqiweyo emikhulu emibini yokuhlala, nganye nganye ineemitha ezilishumi elinesibhozo ukuphakama.

U-Amenhotep IV okanye u-Akhenaten, obizwa ngokuba nguFaro wobuhedeni

Unyana walowo wangaphambili, walawula phakathi konyaka we-1353 nowe-1336. Ungene embalini ngegama lesidlaliso likaFaro Heretic ngenxa yokuba wamisela unqulo lothixo omnye ka-Aten, eyayingelilo elinye ilanga.

Njengokuba oko akwanelanga, wafudusa ikomkhulu lobukhosi be Thebes a Ajetaton, iAmarna yangoku, apho yakha khona iitempile ezinkulu ezimiselwe inkolo entsha ngobutyebi obuthathwe kubabingeleli abadala. Kodwa oku kwakuthetha inguquko kwezobugcisa. Kude kube lelo xesha, umfanekiso wobugcisa base-Egypt wawumele izithixo ezenziwa ngabantu. Kodwa ngo-Amenhotep IV umlinganiso ophambili wadlulela kusapho lwasebukhosini.

Kwaye kufuneka sithethe nawe ngale nto, kuba umfazi kaFaro wayengoyena mntu waziwayo Nefertiti Oko kuye kwavela amaxesha amaninzi kwiimuvi nakwiinoveli. Umfazi omhle njengonesiphiwo sokulawula, ezinye iimbali-zembali zembali zikholelwa ukuba yayinguye semenejkara ukuba ulawule kunye noFaro ngokwakhe kuqala kwaye yedwa kamva. Ukubuyela kumxholo wobugcisa, ngokuchanekileyo Nefertiti bust Yeyona mifanekiso iqingqiweyo yamandulo yase-Egypt.

Njengomlawuli, u-Akhenaten, ngoncedo lukaNefertiti, walwenza lonke utshintsho esikuxelele ngalo nolwaziwa njenge Inguquko yeAmarna. Ngayo, wahlanganisa amandla asebukhosini ngokuchasene nalawo ababingeleli abakhulu kwaye ixesha lakhe lalilelinye lokuchuma kobukumkani.

UTutankhamun, omncinci phakathi kweefaro ezibaluleke kakhulu kwi-Egypt yakudala

Wayengunyana wangaphambili kodwa engamfazi kodwa kaMeketaton, udadewabo ngesiqingatha, ngokwemithombo ethile, okanye ngomnye umakazi wakhe, ngokutsho kwabanye. Wayelawula ikamva lase-Egypt phakathi kwe-1334 kunye ne-1325, ubukhulu becala eyilungisa into eyenziwe nguyise.

Uyabizwa uKing Kid, ubuyisele ifayile ye inkolo yezithixo ezininzi ukubuyisela uninzi lwamandla kubabingeleli. Uye wabuyisela imali eyinkunzi ku Thebes. Kodwa ubuyisele nenxalenye elungileyo yezikhumbuzo ezonakalisiweyo kwinqanaba langaphambili elinzima.

UTutankhamun usenokungabi phakathi kweefaro ezibaluleke kakhulu kwi-Egypt yakudala, kodwa ngokungathandabuzekiyo yeyona idumileyo. Ukufunyanwa kwengcwaba lakhe eliphantse UWoward Carter kwaye isiqalekiso ekucingelwa ukuba siwele kubo bonke abathathe inxaxheba ekufumaniseni simjike saba ngumlinganiswa ojikelezwe yi-aura yasentsomini. Ukusuka apho ukuya kumdlalo bhanyabhanya kunye noncwadi linyathelo elinye kuphela kwaye uKumkani waBantwana uye wadlala iifilimu ezininzi kunye neenoveli.

URamses II, uKumkani woMakhi

Uthathwa njengofarao kunye nolawulo olude, njengoko elawula iminyaka engama-66 (ukusuka ngo-1279 ukuya ku-1213 BC). Wayekwangoyena mntu wayenabantwana abaninzi, njengoko kuqikelelwa malunga nekhulu.

Kodwa ikwaziwa njenge umakhi inkosi kwinani elikhulu leetempile ezimangalisayo awayezakhile. Phakathi kwabo, eyakhe mausoleum, the iramesseum, kwiNtlambo yooKumkani, okanye iitempile ezidumileyo ezakha Abu Simbel. Kodwa uRamses II waya kude. Wakha ikomkhulu elitsha lobukumkani kwimpuma yomlambo iNayile IPi-Ramses Aa-najtu okanye kwiSixeko saseRamses. Okokugqibela, igama loMfazi oMkhulu waseRoyal nalo liya kuvakala liqhelekile kuwe: Nefertari, eliguqulela ngokuthi "apho ilanga likhanya."

UCleopatra VII, owabeka uBukhosi baseRoma

Xa weza esihlalweni sobukumkani ngowama-51 BC, ubungangamsha behlabathi babungowakhe eRoma. Nangona kunjalo, lo mfazi unamandla wenza konke okusemandleni ukukhusela i-Egypt, eyayingasaphili kwinqanaba layo, ezandleni zamaLatin.

Ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, yeyona idumileyo kubo bonke ababambe isikhundla sofaro. Ubudlelwane bakho no Marco Antonio kunye kunye UJulius Caesar bavelise iimovie ezininzi. Ngokusesikweni Ukubuyiselwa kukaKhesari, unyana awayenaye nowesibini, wayeza kungena esihlalweni sobukhosi ngegama lika UPtolemy XVNangona yayingumfuziselo kunayo nayiphi na enye into, ukusukela ukusweleka kukaCleopatra, iJiphutha yaba liphondo laseRoma.

Ngokucacileyo, uCleopatra wayengumfazi ongaqhelekanga owayesazi ukuseta uthungelwano lwezopolitiko, ekhokelela kwimikhosi yezomkhosi kwaye ade abhale nonyango kunye neencwadi zeelwimi.

Ukuqukumbela, ezo sikubonise zona zezinye zeefaro ezibaluleke kakhulu kwi-Egypt yaMandulo. Kubo sinetyala lezona zikhumbuzo zinkulu zehlabathi lamandulo kunye nelifa lempucuko enkulu kakhulu yexesha lalo. Nangona kunjalo, babekho abanye ababebalaseleyo njengabo. Umzekelo, Ukulungiselelaesinetyala laso lesithathu kwithafa laseGiza; Amenemhat I, umakhi wesakhiwo Lisht kunye nombhali wemisebenzi yoncwadi, okanye ukumkanikazi-pharao IHatshepsutUmanduleli kaCleopatra kwaye ngubani oyalele i Itempile ye-Deir-el-Bahari kunye I-Red Chapel YeKarnak. Ngaba awucingi ukuba abo balinganiswa banomdla kwibhayografi?