Iingqekembe Zamandulo zase-Egypt

Ukutyhubela imbali ende yase-Egypt dinero njengoko siyazi ukuba idlale indima ebalulekileyo kumaxesha akutshanje. Inkqubo ye- Iingqekembe zamandulo zaseYiputa bavela kuphela kwinqanaba lokugqibela, lelo le- IPtolemaic yaseYiputa.

Kwiminyaka eliwaka, utshintshiselwano lwentengiso belusenziwa ngokutshintshiselana. Kwindawo yezolimo kunye ne-autarkic yoluntu njengaleyo yobukumkani bamaharahara, ukutshintshiselana kwempahla kwenziwa ngqolowa kunye neemveliso ezisisiseko.

Njengoko impucuko yase-Egypt yathuthuka yaya isiba nzima ngakumbi, yahlukile Amanyathelo obunzima kwaye iinkqubo zayilwa ukwenza inkqubo yotshintshiselwano ifane ngakumbi kwaye isebenze.

En U-El-Amarna Kufunyenwe imivalo yegolide nemisesane enokusetyenziswa njengemali malunga ne-1.300 BC, nangona kungekho bungqina bembali kulo mbandela. Into enomdla kukuba, kangangeenkulungwane igolide yayisisixhobo esaziwayo esasisetyenziswa ngabakhandi begolide bamandulo base-Egypt, hayi isilivere, eyayithathwa njengesinyithi esinqabileyo nesingaqhelekanga.

Ngokwenyani imali etyunjiweyo (igolide, isilivere kunye neengqekembe zobhedu ezazisele ziqalisile ukusetyenziswa eGrisi nase-Asia Minor) zafika kuphela kumazwe ase-Egypt ekupheleni kobukumkani obutsha, malunga ne-XNUMXth century BC ngokurhweba namaGrike namaFenike. Okumangalisayo kukuba UFaro wokugqibela yolawulo lokugqibela, INectanebo II, Owaveza ekuphela kwengqekembe ezaziwayo: Izitali zegolide zexabiso elikhulu lembali kunye nenani, nangona zingazange zijikeleze ilizwe lomNayile njengeendlela zokuhlawula.

Iingqekembe zePtolemaic yase-Egypt

Embindini wenkulungwane yesine BC i-Egypt yaba yinxalenye yobukhosi obukhulu obakhiwa ngu UAlexander Omkhulu. Emva kokubhubha kwakhe, iinjengele zakhe kunye nabahlobo (ababizwa ngokuba IdayadosiUkoyiswa kwabelwana ngako. UKUYA UPtolemy IYiputa yawa. Uya kuba ngumsunguli wobukumkani obuya kulawula la mazwe de kube liRoma.

Ngobukhosi bukaPtolemaic kwavela ukuveliswa kwemali ngendlela ebanzi. A Mint kwisixeko sase IMemphis kwaye kamva enye ebaluleke ngakumbi kwi IAlexandria. AmaJiphutha, awayengasebenzisi naluphi na uhlobo lwenkqubo yemali kangangeenkulungwane nakwiinkulungwane, athabathe iminyaka embalwa ukuqhela ukwenza imali.

Isiseko semali yamandulo yase-Egypt yayiyi Ubunzima baseFenike, inobunzima obuyi-14,2 grams, ekwabizwa ngokuba ubunzima beptolemaic. Lo mgangatho wahlukile kubunzima be-Attic, ubukhulu becala kwinqanaba lamaGrike, ngenxa yobunzima bayo kunye nobukhulu: Iingqekembe zePtolemaic zazincinci kunezinye iingqekembe zehlabathi lamaGrike.

Los ziyilo kwezi ngqekembe balandela ipateni echazwe kakuhle: izinto ezingafaniyo zihlala zibonisa umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkosi, ngelixa umva ububonisa iisimboli ezahlukeneyo ezinjengokhozi kwimbane, okanye ukumelwa kwezithixo zakudala zase-Egypt ezinje ngoIsis no-Osiris.

Ngenxa yokunqongophala kwesilivere, ezona ngqekembe zixhaphakileyo ezazisetyenziswa ePtolemaic Egypt yayinobhedu. IiPtolemy zenziwe ii-estaras kunye ne-octodracmas zegolide, eyobo (njengale ikumfanekiso ongentla) kunye Iifayile isilivere, ukongeza kwi idrarhima ngobhedu olukhulu. Kwithuba eliphambi kokufakwa kwesiRoma, ubhedu lwasasazeka, endaweni yesilivere.

Iingqekembe zeYiputa yaseRoma

Ngo-30 BC, emva kokufa cleopatraUkumkanikazi wokugqibela wobukhosi bukaPtolemy kwaye ngokungathandabuzekiyo esaziwa kakhulu kwi-Egypt yaMandulo, i-Egypt yaqhubeka yaba liphondo lase-Roma.

Kwakukho nakweyiphi na imeko iphondo elinobume obukhethekileyo, njengoko yayixhomekeke ngqo kumlawuli. Ukunyanzelwa kolawulo lwamaRoma kwakuphelele. Nangona kunjalo, imali yelizwe lase-Egypt eyenziwe ngooPtolemy yahlala ijikeleza phantse enye inkulungwane.

AmaRoma, ahlala ebambekile, afumana umbutho wentlalo oguquke kakhulu kwiphondo lawo elitsha. Ukongeza, i-Ptolemaic Egypt yayine Uqoqosho olunemali eninzi, ngakumbi eAlexandria, ikomkhulu. Ke bagqibe ekubeni bangazitshintshi izikimu ebezisebenza ngokugqibeleleyo kwiinkulungwane ezintathu ezidlulileyo.

Isilivere evela kwiingqekembe zamandulo zase-Egypt yaphinda yasetyenziswa ekuveleni Iitradrachmas zaseRoma. Umxholo wesinyithi oxabisekileyo kwezi ngqekembe wawuphantsi, yi-30% nje kuphela. Iidenariyo kunye negolide azange zenziwe kwimephu zase-Egypt ngalo lonke ixesha lamaRoma.

Eyona nto inomtsalane ngale ngqekembe bubutyebi bayo. Kuyo izithethe zase-Egypt nase-Ptolemaic zidityanisiwe nomfanekiso wobukhosi ovela eRoma.

Nangona kunjalo, zikho idenariyo ebizwa ngokuba "ngamaYiputa" ezazenziwe kwezinye iindawo zobukumkani. Umzekelo owaziwayo yile ye-tetradrachm ye UCleopatra Selene II, intombi kaMark Antony noCleopatra. Le ngqekembe (ebonakala kule migca) yenziwe eMauretania kwaye ibonisa umva wayo umfanekiso wengwenya yomNayile kunye nelivo I-Basilissa kleopatra (U-Queen Cleopatra) ngesiGrike.