Ukuba sicinga ngerayisi, sicinga ngeTshayina. Ilayisi kunye neChina banolwalamano lwemillenia kunye nolwalamano olusenyongweni. Alithandabuzeki elokuba sisiseko sokutya, kodwa ngaba ukhona umntu owaziyo ngakumbi malunga nokutya okuziinkozo kubonakala kukutya okuzimeleyo kwehlabathi, okwaziyo ukondla izigidi zabantu?
Ikhula njani, iveliswa kangakanani, zingaphi iikhilogyoli ezisetyenzisiweyo ngomntu ngamnye, kwaye irayisi ilunge kangakanani kwinkcubeko yamaTshayina? Konke oko kunye nokunye, kwinqaku lethu namhlanje.
Imvelaphi kunye neempawu zerayisi
Yiyo cereal, Isiriyeli sesibini eveliswe kakhulu emhlabeni emva kombona. Esi sityalo, siyinxalenye yosapho lwengca, sineengcambu ezicocekileyo nezinemicu, isiqu se-cylindrical esinamaqhina kunye ne-internode, sinamagqabi atshisayo kunye neentyatyambo eziluhlaza ukuya kwezimhlophe.
Zininzi iindidi zerayisi, ngaphezu kwewaka leendidi eziphakathi kwamaqela amabini amakhulu okanye i-subspecies: iindidi zejaponica ezikhuliswa kwindawo ezitshisayo nakwiindawo ezinesimo esiphakathi, ezinesitatshi esininzi, kunye nodidi lwe-indica olukhuliswa kwiitropiki.
Ke kukho ukutya okuziinkozo okufutshane, ukutya okuziinkozo okuphakathi, ukutya okuziinkozo okude, irayisi engqushiweyo kwaye inokuhlelwa njenge-glutinous, enamakha kwaye inombala, kwaye kwimizi-mveliso, kukho irayisi ebilisiweyo kunye nerayisi ekhawulezayo.
Irayisi e China
Ukulima irayisi e-China kubuyela emva ngexesha, kuyathethwa ngezinye Iminyaka eli-10 lamawaka mhlawumbi, ngexesha loMlawuli uShennong. Emva kwexesha, impucuko yaseTshayina yanda ngakumlambo iYangzi, kunye nemozulu efanelekileyo yokukhulisa irayisi.
Ekuqaleni, kuphela ngabona bazizinhanha abanokutya irayisi, kodwa kamva, kumaxesha obukhosi bukaHan yaba sisidlo esidumileyo semihla ngemihla. Inyani yile yokuba impumelelo yelayisi kukuba ngaphandle kwayo yonke into kulula ukuyigcina nokupheka, kwaye xa idityaniswe nenye iklasikhi yaseAsia, iimbotyi zesoya, iba sisiseko sesondlo.
Ngaloo ndlela, impumelelo okanye ukusilela kulimo lwerayisi bekuye kwaye kusesisitshixo kwimpilo yesizwe. Zonke zinokukhokelela kwisisu esigcweleyo okanye indlala eyoyikisayo kwaye konke oku sele kufunyenwe ngabantu baseTshayina ngokuhamba kwexesha.
Ke, itekhnoloji esetyenzisiweyo kulimo lwerayisi ibuye kwaye ibalulekile. Ngokukodwa, inento yokwenza nonkcenkceshelo lomhlaba ukugcina inqanaba lamanzi emasimini, abizwa ngokuba ngamasimi erayisi. Irayisi ifuna amanzi amaninzi ukuze ikhule kwaye isityalo siyakunyamezela ukukhula okukhulu ngolu hlobo, ngaphezulu kakhulu kunabanye. Ukunkcenkceshela kusetyenziswa kwi-90% yentsimi yerayisi ukuyenza ikhule.
Ngokubanzi ubunzulu bentsimi yelayisi ziisentimitha ezili-15 kwaye inqanaba lamanzi lilawulwa ziimpompo zeenyawo okoko ubukhosi beNgoma. La masimi erayisi ayakhiwa ngokubanzi kumathambeka, ukuze usebenzise elona nani liphezulu lomphezulu. Siye sababona kwiifoto kunye namaxwebhu, amahle anyathela, imihlaba emxinwa enemigca erhangqiweyo egona iintaba. Indlela efanelekileyo yokusebenzisa imvula.
Ewe kunjalo, ukulinywa kwerayisi akuqhelekanga e-China, kuba ikhula naphina apho ifumana khona amanzi. Ewe ngokunjalo, I-28% yelayisi yelizwe ikhuliswa e-China kwizigidi zeehektare zomhlaba. Imbewu ityalwa malunga no-Epreli kwaye ikhuliswe ngo-Septemba, kwaye emazantsi, apho ifudumele ngokwaneleyo, ikhuliswa kabini ngonyaka, phakathi kuka-Matshi noJuni naphakathi kuka-Juni no-Novemba.
Ukulima irayisi eTshayina
Ilayisi ikhula kwimbewu ezigcinwa zikhuselekile emanzini azolileyo. Nege njenge emva kweentsuku ezingama-40 zokuba lapho badluliselwe kumhlaba werayisi. Kukho iinxalenye ze China apho iintlanzi, icarp kunye nefishfish zongezwa kula masimi erayisi, ukuze batye izinambuzane ezinokunukisa isivuno. Emva koko, kuyatyalwa irayisi kwaye kuyatyiwa nakwiintlanzi.
La ukuvuna Kubandakanya ukukhupha i-paddy, ulinde ukuba irayisi yome, emva koko uyiqhawule kwaye uyibeke kwimidumba. Iinkozo ke zahlulwa kwisiqu kwaye zivunyelwe zome zodwa. Xa sele zomile, amagqabi ahlukene nomququ. Konke oku yayisenziwa ngesandla kwaye kwakunzima kakhulu, kodwa ngethamsanqa ixesha elingaphezulu balenziwe ngoomatshini nangona kusenokwenzeka ukuba kwiindawo ezithile kusekho umsebenzi omninzi wezandla.
Kodwa Zithini izinto zerayisi e-China? Ngokukodwa, irayisi e-glutinous ikhula emzantsi-mpuma welizwe, iyirayisi ebambekayo xa iphekwe kwaye kwiiphakheji zisongelwe ngamagqabi oqalo. Ngokwenyani, kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba irayisi ngokubanzi a Isithako esingathathi hlangothi kwisitya saseTshayina kwaye ubukho bayo buphucula ubumnandi okanye incasa yezinye izitya. Inceda ukuzalisa isisu kunye nokuthambisa ezinye iincasa.
Isitashi esivela kwilayisi ephekiweyo sisetyenzisiwe kwiinkulungwane kwiziseko zezakhiwo, njenge into yodaka. Amagqabi esityalo asetyenziselwa ukwenza iphepha, irayisi iphepha, kwaye iinkozo zomhlaba ziba umgubo welayisi ukwenza iiodles.
Ke ngokusisiseko sonke isityalo sithatha ithuba. Ungayichazanga eyokuba ukubilisa irayisi nako kubangela iziphumo iwayini kunye nemimoya ezininzi…
Kodwa uthini ngeshishini lelayisi? Inyani yile yokuba ixesha Irayisi engeniswe e-China yehle ngexabiso, ke ukulima kumhlaba ohlwempuzekileyo kuye kwaba kukhuphiswano.
Lo mkhwa ukhawulezile ngenxa yokuba lo mhlaba uyafuneka nakwimizi-mveliso nakwizindlu, ukuze umhlaba olicwecwe olimekayo olicwecwe uya usiba ngokuncipha ngokuncipha. Kwincopho yokulinywa kwerayisi, phakathi kwiminyaka yoo-70, irayisi yavunwa kwiihektare ezingama-37 ezigidi, ukuya kuma-31 kwiminyaka yoo-90 nakwiminyaka engama-30 ezigidi eyadlulayo.
Ngelixa kuyinyani ukuba irayisi sisithako esisiseko sokutya kwaseTshayina, kwezinye iindawo zelizwe ingqolowa ibaluleke ngakumbi, emantla, umzekelo. Kwaye nangona irayisi ikukutya kwesizwe, kuyinyani oko ukubaluleka kwayo kuye kwehla kule minyaka ilishumi elinesihlanu idlulileyo. Idatha esemthethweni ibonisa ukuba Ukusetyenziswa kwerayisi nganye kuye kwehla ukusuka kwi-78 kilos ngonyaka kwi-1995 ukuya kwi-76.5 kwi-2009.
Abamelwane abanjengoBurma, Vietnam, Cambodia okanye Thailand nabo bavelisa irayisi kwaye bathengisela eChina, ke I-China ayisiyomvelisi omkhulu kuphela kodwa ngumthengi omkhulu. Kwaye kuya kuba njalo ngakumbi kwixa elizayo. Ingenisa ngaphakathi kwaye ithumele kwelinye ilizwe, nangona irayisi ethunyelwa ngaphandle yi China ikumgangatho ophakathi ukuya kwezantsi. Ukusukela ngo-2004 urhulumente uncedise kwaye wasusa irhafu kwezolimo.
I-China sisigebenga kwaye ngenxa yoko, inabemi abakhula unyaka nonyaka malunga ne-13 yezigidi, kuyakufuneka ivelise i-20% yeerayisi ngaphezulu ngo-2030. Ngale ndlela kuphela apho iya kukwazi ukwanelisa iimfuno zangaphakathi zerayisi nganye ngekota.
Akuyi kuba lula, umhlaba awunakulima kakhulu, kukho ukunqongophala kwamanzi, kukho utshintsho lwemozulu, kukho ukunqongophala kwabasebenzi, ukunyuka kwemfuno yokusetyenziswa kwerayisi ekumgangatho ophezulu, ukwenzakalisa ezinye iintlobo ... kwaye kunjalo, iingxaki ezinje ngokuncipha kofuzo lweenkozo, ukuchumisa, ukusetyenziswa kwemichiza yokubulala izitshabalalisi, ubudala bezinto zokunkcenkceshela eziye zagcinwa ngamanye amaxesha kodwa azihlali zihlaziywa, njl.
Yiyo i Imbali yerayisi e-China.
Ipholile