I-Acropolis

La I-Acropolis yase-Athene yisithonjana esikhulu senhlokodolobha ye Greece kanye nophawu lwenkazimulo namandla empucuko yasendulo yamaGrikhi. Asikho isivakashi esidlula kule ndawo ngaphandle kokuvakashela le ndawo.

Eqinisweni, amanye amadolobha amaningi aseGrisi ane-acropolis yawo, igama elisetshenziselwa ukukhomba ingxenye ephezulu ye-polis. Ngokuqondile, leyo yase-Athene iphakama ngamamitha ayi-156 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle futhi itholakala kuphela kolunye uhlangothi lwayo, lapho izinsalela zezinsalela zisabonakala. izindunduma ze-cyclopean ukuphola kusukela ngaleso sikhathi mycenaean.

Ubukhulu be-Athenian Acropolis buqala cishe ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX BC, lapho kuchuma ngokuya kuchuma I-Atenas kwaqala ukwakhiwa kwamathempeli anikezelwe ku-Athena nabanye onkulunkulu kuleli "dwala elingcwele."

El I-Parthenon, the I-Erechtheum nezinye izimangaliso zenkathi yakudala zabhujiswa amaPheresiya ngo-480 BC Ngemuva kokunqoba kwamaGrikhi ku Izimpi Zezokwelapha izakhiwo zakhiwa kabusha futhi indawo ebiyelwe ibiyelwe ngezindonga.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakumba imigodi emikhulu ngaphakathi ukuze kungcwatshwe izithombe ezibunjiwe zonkulunkulu (ezazibhekwa njengezingcwele) ezazinqothulwe ukubhujiswa. Namuhla eziningi zalezi zithombe zingahlonishwa ku- Umnyuziyamu wase-Acropolis, ukuvakashelwa okunconyelwe abathandi bemivubukulo.

IPropylaea, amasango e-Acropolis

Ngemuva kokukhuphuka intaba, izivakashi zingena endaweni ebiyelwe ngomthambeka osentshonalanga, ziwele umgwaqo I-Propylaea, amasango ase-Acropolis. Lesi sakhiwo sakhiwa ngo-437 BC kusetshenziswa imabula evela enkwalini yePentelic, ngaphandle nje kwedolobha. Yayakhiwe yizinqwaba ezimbili ezinkulu ezingunxande ezazakha umnyango wokuvalelwa.

Esedlule iPropylaea, izitebhisi zamatshe ziholela kufayela le- Ithempeli lika-Athena Victoria, esagcina amakholamu ayo e-Ionic nengxenye yesakhiwo sawo. Ezikhathini zasendulo yayigcinwa ngaphakathi isithombe sikankulunkulukazi onamaphiko u-Athena, umvikeli wedolobha, onamaphiko ayesikwe ngokomfanekiso ukuze lihlale lihlala livikela abase-Athene.

Futhi nayi i- Ithempeli lika-Arthemisi iBrauronia, okusasele iminonjana embalwa yazo namuhla.

Yize namuhla inikezela ngesici se-naked, osukwini lwayo bekukhona ne- ihlathi elingcwele weqiwa yilokho okubizwa nge-Via Sacra.

IParthenon

Igugu elikhulu le-Acropolis yi ithempeli elalinikezelwe kunkulunkulukazi u-Athens Parthenos (Virgin Athena), owaziwa kangcono ngokuthi "iParthenon".

Yakhiwe ngaphakathi isitayela se-doric nokulandela okulandelayo uhlu lwezilinganiso zakudala: amakholomu ayisishiyagalombili ohlangothini oluncane ngo-17 ububanzi; Ikholomu ngayinye ingamamitha ayi-10,43 ukuphakama, okusho ukuthi, iphinda kabili ububanzi besisekelo sayo. Izakhi zokuhlobisa zangaphandle zefrize zinganconywa namuhla ku- Imyuziyamu yaseBrithani elondon. Kumatope abo babemelwe phakathi kwezinye izinto Izigcawu zeTrojan War nodwendwe lwe Ama-Panateneas.

Ngaphakathi kweParthenon usengabona isisekelo lapho kwakwakhiwe khona isithombe esivelele sika-Athena, esingamamitha ayishumi ukuphakama, Phidias ngegolide nangezinyo lendlovu.

I-Erechtheum

Yisakhiwo sokuqala kunazo zonke e-Acropolis. Akhiwe enhlabathini engalingani, ayilingani futhi kolunye uhlangothi lwawo ithatha indawo yamakholomu akudala ngezidumile. caryatids. Lezi zithombe zesifazane ziqanjwe ngamantombazane aseSpartan athunjwe njengezigqila ngabase-Athene ngesikhathi sePeloponnesian War.

Isiko lakudala lase-Athene lagunyaza ukuthi ngaphakathi kwe- I-Erechtheum hlala njalo inyoka ephilayo, owawumele umoya weqhawe u-Erechtheus. Uma le nyoka ifile, bekufanele ishintshwe ngokushesha enye.

Ngezikhathi zaseByzantium leli thempeli laguqulwa laba isonto; ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngaphansi kokubusa kwe-Ottoman, yaqala yaba yindlu yamaSulumane yabe isiyindawo yabafazi bamaPasha.

Itiyetha likaDionysus

Leli thempeli, elakhiwa ngamatshe ngo-340 BC, liyisibonelo esivelele se-classical igreek theatre. I Itiyetha likaDionysusYethiwe ukuhlonipha inkolo kankulunkulu wewayini, itholakala empumalanga eseningizimu mpumalanga ye-Acropolis futhi ngaleso sikhathi yayinamandla okusingatha ababukeli abangu-17.000 XNUMX.

Eceleni kwawo kukhona izinsalela zesinye isakhiwo esaziwa ngokuthi U-Odeon wasePericles, ezinikele ekusingatheni imibukiso yomculo.

Ezinye izakhiwo ze-Acropolis yase-Athene

Ezakhiweni eziningi ezazimi e-Acropolis ngesikhathi sayo segolide, azikho nhlobo izinsalela ezibonakalayo namuhla. Kodwa-ke, eMnyuziyamu wase-Acropolis ungabona ukukhiqizwa okuthembekile nezincazelo mayelana nencazelo yazo nemisebenzi yazo. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu:

• El Ukuvuselelwa, isakhiwo esisenyakatho ye-Acropolis lapho izintombi ezaziphethe, phakathi kwezinye izinto, zokunakekela isithombe sika-Athena zazihlala khona.
• El Eleusinion, Ithempeli elakhiwe ngomyalo kaPericles wokukhulekela izimfihlakalo zika-Eleusis.
• El I-Asclepeion, ithempeli elingcweliselwe unkulunkulu wezokwelapha abagulayo nabapristi ababeya kuwo.