Izinhlamvu zamagama zesiGreki
Izinhlamvu zasendulo zesiGreki nokubhala kumodeliswa kulabo abadalwe yi AbaseFenike. Laba, abadabuka eMiddle East, babengamatilosi amakhulu asungula amafektri noma amakoloni ezentengiselwano kuyo yonke indawo IMedithera ukufinyelela eNhlonhlweni Yase-Iberia efanayo.
Kepha futhi babe ngabokuqala ukudala ifayili le- alfabhethi, okungukuthi, iqoqo lemifanekiso ebonakalayo yemisindo. Kuze kube yileso sikhathi, ukubhala kwakuqukethe izithombe ezibonisa ukuthi kwakusho ukuthini. Kwakuyilokho okubizwa ngokuthi ukubhala kwezithombe.
Isibonelo sezinhlamvu zamagama nokubhalwa kweGrisi lasendulo: Linear B
Izinhlamvu zamagama zaseFenike zazisatshalaliswa abasunguli bazo kulo lonke elaseMedithera, kwaholela abantu abaningi ukuba bazivumelanise nezidingo zabo. Kuzo zonke, mhlawumbe okuthuthuke kakhulu kwaba isiGriki, nayo eyenze yaphelela.
Kodwa-ke, kufanele sikutshele ukuthi kwakungeyona indlela yokuqala yokubhala esetshenziswa amaHellene. Ngaphambi kwalesi sikhathi kunalokho okuthiwa Umugqa B, esetshenziswe kufayela le- Isikhathi se-Mycenaean, okungukuthi, eyandulela leyo yeClassical Greece, ehlanganisa, cishe, phakathi kuka-1600 no-1200 BC futhi eyayinamadolobha aphikisayo Troy, I-Tebas, I-Atenas o AmaTiryns.
Into ehlotshiswe ngezinhlamvu zasendulo zesiGreki
I-Linear B, eyaziwa nangokuthi Isi-Mycenaean Greek, kwakuwuhlobo lwe ukubhala kohlu lwamagama. Ngakho-ke ubizwa ngokuthi lowo izimpawu zakhe ngokuhlanganyela zimelela umsindo wonkamisa kanye nomunye ungwaqa (isilunga). Umsebenzi wayo wawungewona owokubhala, kepha wawuphatha kuphela. Yayisetshenziselwa ukuqopha izindleko zezigodlo eziphezulu. Njengesisekelo sokubhala, zazisetshenziswa izigaxa zobumba okwathi, ekupheleni konyaka, kwacekelwa phansi ukuqala ukubalwa kwezimali okusha.
Ukuqamba kwesiGreki kuzinhlamvu zamaFenike
Ngenxa yalokho, lapho amaGrikhi amukela izinhlamvu zamaFenike cishe ngonyaka we-1100 BC, bazihlanganisa nezindlela zabo zokubhala. Ngale ndlela, bayenze yanamuhla futhi bayenza yaphelela futhi yasebenza ngokwengeziwe. Phakathi kweminikelo yakhe, okulandelayo kugqamile.
Ukwethulwa konkamisa
Ubuciko obukhulu obulethwe yi-Hellenes kwakuyi ukwethulwa konkamisa, ayikho nhlobo ekubhalweni kwabaseFenike. Ukubamela, ungacabangi ukuthi nabo benze umzamo wokucabanga. Bazilinganisela ekwamukeleni ezinye zezimpawu zemodeli yaseFenike ababengazidingi ngolimi lwabo futhi baziphendula izipelingi zonkamisa. Onkamisa bokuqala kwakungu -alpha, epsilon, iota, i-omicron e ipsilon.
Kodwa-ke, lo mnikelo ububalulekile emlandweni wobuntu. Eqinisweni, wonke amagama alandelayo afaka izimpawu zonkamisa asekelwe esiGrekini.
Imephu yaseGrisi lasendulo
Eminye iminikelo yama-alfabhethi nokubhalwa kweGrisi lasendulo
I-Hellenes iphinde yethule okunye okusha kuzinhlamvu zamafa ezizuzwe njengefa. Ngakho-ke, badala ongwaqa abathathu abasha: the Fi futhi i Gi njengokubonakaliswa kwemisindo efiselekayo engekho olimini lwaseFenike futhi I-Psi okusasetshenziswa nanamuhla ngolimi lwehlelo. Ehunyushwe ngamaRoma, isabonakala ngeSpanishi lapho kubhalwa amagama anjenge "psychology" noma "psychiatry."
Ukuvela kwe-alfabhethi lesiGreki
Emsukweni wayo, izinhlamvu zamagama nokubhalwa kweGrisi yasendulo kwakunezipelingi ezithile ezanyamalala kamuva. Yizimo ze- i-digramma, evuselele i- awu UmFenike; i San, eyayinomsindo ofanayo nesigma ngakho-ke kwakulula ukuyidida, noma i- quppa, owakhiqiza umsindo we-uvular oqhumayo qop yabaseFenike ezazingekho ngesiGreki.
Kepha kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi ugcine engqondweni ukuthi izinhlamvu zamagama zesiGreki bezingalingani ngokuphelele. Ngokuqondile, ibinokuhlukahluka okuyinhloko okubili: the empumalanga noma ionic, eyamukelwa i-Athene ngo-406 BC, kanye ne- entshonalanga noma i-calcidic, okwadala izinhlamvu zamagama zabantu base-Etruria futhi, kusukela kulokhu, kwaba isiRoma.
AmaGreki nawo ashintshe indlela yawo yokubhala. Ekuqaleni, basebenzise i- ukubhala kwe-bustrofedon, okubandakanya ukubhala umugqa ukusuka kwesokudla kuye kwesobunxele, olandelayo kusuka kwesobunxele kuye kwesokudla njalonjalo. Ngale ndlela, babeqala njalo ukubhala ohlangothini lapho babeqedele khona umugqa odlule.
Kodwa-ke, ngesikhathi i-Athens yamukela izinhlamvu zamagama zesiGreki, ukubhala kwakwenziwa njalo kusukela kwesobunxele kuye kwesokudla njengoba nje senza eNtshonalanga.
Indinyana evela kuHomer 'Odyssey'
Izinombolo, okunye ukusetshenziswa kwe-alfabhethi lesiGreki
Njengoba wazi, amaRoma asebenzisa izinhlamvu zawo ukubala. Eqinisweni, sisasebenzisa izinombolo zamaRoma namuhla, ngokwesibonelo, amakhulu eminyaka. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kwase kwenziwe kakade ngamaGreki asendulo. Ngokuqondile kwakusefayilini le- Isifunda sase-Ionia, okucishe kube ngaphansi kwakugudla ugu oluphakathi nentshonalanga ye Anatolia, namuhla iTurkey, kanye neziqhingi zayo.
Njengoba uLatinos ayezokwenza kamuva, uhlamvu ngalunye lwezinhlamvu zamagama lwesiGreki lumelela inombolo. Futhi balugcinela lolu hlelo izinhlamvu zokuqala ababeziqedile. Njengesibonelo, sizokutshela ukuthi i-alpha ibifanele u-1, i-beta ibinenani elingu-2 njalonjalo size sifike ku-iota ebifanele u-10. Kodwa-ke, kulokhu, i-kappa ibinenani lama-20, i-lambda engu-30 noma lami le- 40.
IsiGreki sisekela ukubhala
Ngenkathi benza izinhlamvu zamagama nezinombolo zabo kube ngcono, amaGreki nawo izisekelo ezithuthukisiwe ukuthi babejwayele ukubhala. Ngokomthetho futhi njengabaseFenike, babesebenzisa izibhebhe zobumba ezithambile nezinsimbi ezikhonjiwe. Kepha, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, babamukela amatafula athe xaxa (kufaka phakathi izinkuni ezifakwe i-wax) kanye ne- papaya futhi i isikhumba.
Sengiphetha, sikweleta amaGrikhi ukwenziwa kwama-alfabhethi njengoba sikuqonda namuhla, ngonkamisa nongwaqa. Kepha, ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yokubukeka kwalokhu, sikwazile ukugcina imisebenzi yabalobi abakhulu be- Izikhathi zasendulo zamaHellenic kuyo yonke imikhakha yolwazi, kusuka kufilosofi kuya kwezokwelapha. Isibonelo, siyakwazi lokho USocrates akazange abhale lutho, kepha imibono yakhe yabhalwa ngumfundi wakhe Plato yena, naye, wabhala okwakhe. Awucabangi ukuthi kufanele sibonge amaGreki ngale nkonzo enhle kangaka?