Umsuka WeLabhulali

Umsuka womtapo wezincwadi mdala njengowelabhulali uqobo ukubhala. Njengoba abantu bebona isidingo sokubhala izinto, baqonda nokubaluleka kwe- gcina leyo mibhalo yenzalo ezayo.

Igama umtapo wezincwadi livela esiGrekini ibhayibheli (incwadi) futhi thekes (ibhokisi). Kepha bekungeyona abantu base-Hellenic basendulo ngubani owadala lamathempeli amangalisayo amasiko nolwazi, kepha kufanele sibuyele emuva nakakhulu, ikakhulukazi cishe iminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezintathu. Ngakho-ke, uma ufuna ukwazi umsuka welabhulali, sikumema ukuthi uqhubeke ufunde.

Umsuka welabhulali: kuxhunyaniswe namathempeli

Ngokwazi kwethu, ukubhala kwazalelwa izithelo Mesopotamia, okukhulunywa kabanzi, okwakukhona namuhla okuyizindawo zase-Iraq naseSyria. Kwakuyinkulungwane yesine BC futhi kwaba njalo uhlobo lwe-pictographic, okungukuthi, limele izinto ngezimpawu ezidwetshiwe. Kukho konke esikutshele khona, ngeke kube nzima ngawe ukuthola ukuthi umtapo wezincwadi nawo wazalelwa lapho ngaleso sikhathi.

IMesopotamia, imitapo yolwazi yokuqala

Njengoba kwenzeka kwezinye izikhathi, ngokwesibonelo eNkathini Ephakathi, i amathempeli nezindela bekuyizindawo zokukhonzela, kepha futhi nokongiwa kolwazi. Kwakuyizenkolo ezaqala ukusebenzisa ukubhala ukurekhoda amaqiniso ahlobene nomsebenzi wazo, kodwa futhi nezinye izici zezomnotho nezokuphatha ezihlobene nempilo yomphakathi wazo.

Futhi futhi owokuqala owaqala ukugcina lawo madokhumenti Ngakho-ke, imitapo yolwazi yokuqala yanikezelwa ekugcineni le mibhalo. Okungukuthi, angaba amafayela amaningi kunemitapo yolwazi. Labo babhali bakuqala bakwenza ezibhebheni zobumba, ukuze kugcinwe kuzo kangcono. Phakathi kwaleyo mitapo yolwazi yokuqala kwakukhona leyo yamadolobha afana ne umyeni, I-Lagash y -Ebla, kanye naleyo ye- Ashurbanipal.

Ukubhalwa kweMesopotamia

Ukubhalwa kwe-cuneiform yaseMesopotamiya

Le nkosi yase-Asiriya yayingumsizi omkhulu wezobuciko nezinhlamvu. Futhi umdali we Umtapo Wezincwadi WaseNineve, mhlawumbe owokuqala emlandweni ofana nalezo esizaziyo namuhla. Ngoba hhayi kuphela imibhalo ebigcinwe kuyo, kodwa futhi eminye imibhalo enohlobo lwemibhalo. Isibonelo, igcine izinhlobo eziphelele kakhulu ze- 'Inkondlo kaGilgamesh'. Yindlela yokwakhiwa kwamaqhawe edala kunazo zonke futhi ikhuluma ngokuzijabulisa kwenkosi engaziwa, inkosi yaseSumerian I-Uruk.

Iqiniso ngukuthi inkolo yase-Ashurbanipal ibeka eMtatsheni Wezincwadi waseNineve yonke imibhalo ebhaliwe yomhlaba owaziwayo ngesikhathi sayo. Ngakho-ke, kwaba njalo indlu yokuqala yezincwadi emlandweni. Kepha, njengoba uzoqonda, zonke lezi zitatimende zisuselwa ezinsaleleni zemivubukulo ezitholakele. Ngoba abaseGibhithe namaGrikhi nabo babenemitapo yolwazi.

Imitapo Yezincwadi yaseGibhithe lasendulo

Ngakho-ke, kubonakala sengathi umsuka womtapo wezincwadi wawuseMesopotamiya. Kepha, njengoba sikutshelile nje, abaseGibhithe nabo babenabo futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, banikela emhlabeni wezwi elibhaliwe.

Okokuqala, bamukele i- papaya ukubhala imibhalo yabo futhi, lapho lena mide kakhulu, basebenzisa imiqulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bathuthukisa ukubhala futhi baba nohlobo lwesifinyezo sakudala. Kwaba ucingo ukubhala ngokuzimela, lapho babemelela khona amagama ngezibonakaliso noma ngama-hieroglyphs. Kepha uzoba nentshisekelo yokwazi ukuthi eGibhithe lasendulo kwakukhona izinhlobo ezimbili zezikhungo zelabhulali.

Incwadi inezindlu

Singakutshela ukuthi zazilingana nezokuqala imilabhulali waseMesopotamiya. Ngoba lezi bekuyizindawo lapho kufakwa khona imibhalo yezokuphatha. Isibonelo, ama-akhawunti wombuso noma izikhungo ezisemthethweni.

I-papyrus yase-egypt

I-papyrus yaseGibhithe

Izindlu zokuphila

Lezi zindawo kwakuyi- izikole waseGibhithe lasendulo, lapho omncane athola khona imfundo. Kepha futhi banazo amaqoqo emibhalo abafundi ababekwazi ukukopisha, njengezindela zasendulo, ngokwesibonelo, ababezokwenza kamuva.

IGrisi lasendulo, elibalulekile kwimvelaphi yelabhulali yanamuhla

AmaGreki asendulo nawo ayenemitapo yawo yezincwadi. Eqinisweni, banikeze i- umfutho omkhulu kulezi zinhlobo zezikhungo. Njengoba umbhalo wesiGreki wawusivele ukhona ngokulandelana kwezinhlamvu zamagama, ulwazi lwabo lwasakazeka kakhulu futhi, ngalo, ukufinyelela ekufundeni nasezincwadini.

Mayelana nemitapo yolwazi, singakutshela ukuthi, uma kukhulunywa kabanzi, bebevele befana naleso esibaziyo namuhla. Babengaxhunyanisiwe nezikhungo zenkolo noma izinhlangano ezisemthethweni. Ngokokuqala ngqa, babenjalo izikhungo ezizimele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkolo zamaGrikhi, njengoba kwenza u-Ashurbanipal wase-Asiriya, zahlongoza ukungenisa emitatsheni yazo yezincwadi lonke ulwazi lwesikhathi sakhe. Futhi ezinye zezindlu zayo zezincwadi seziye zangena emlandweni ngenxa yobukhazikhazi nokunotha kwazo kwamavolumu.

Umtapo Wezincwadi wase-Alexandria

Lokhu kunjalo kwabadumile Umtapo Wezincwadi wase-Alexandria, eyadalwa ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX BC futhi eyayingenye yezinto zasendulo ezibaluleke kakhulu. Njengoba wazi, i-Alexandria ingenile I-Egypt, kodwa ukwenziwa komtapo wolwazi lwawo kwakubangelwa amaGreki lapho, ngemuva kokunqotshwa kwe U-Alexander the Great, babusa umhlaba wamaharahara.

Lo mtapo wezincwadi wahlanganiswa nalokho okuthiwa Umcabango, isikhungo samasiko esizinikezele kuma-muses lapho kwakukhona konke okudingekayo ukuze ababhali nososayensi abakhulu kunabo bonke baphile. Ekuqaleni, yayinemibhalo emiqulwini ye-papyrus, kodwa kamuva yafakwa kuyo amakhodi futhi kulinganiselwa ukuthi wayenakho cishe isigamu sesigidi semisebenzi sigcinwe kungobo yomlando.

IPhergamu

Amanxiwa ePergamo

Kukholakala ukuthi yanyamalala ngenxa yomlilo owesabekayo. Futhi, impela, lokhu kwenzeke, kepha namuhla kuvame ukucatshangwa ukuthi Umtapo Wezincwadi wase-Alexandria wawubola ngokuhamba kwesikhathi waze wavalwa.

Umtapo Wezincwadi WasePergamon

Enye indlu enkulu yezincwadi emhlabeni wamaGrikhi kwakungu- Umtapo Wezincwadi wasePergamo, eduze nogu lwase-Aegean. Iphinde yadalwa engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lesi-XNUMX BC. Umsunguli wayo wayeyinkosi U-Attalus I, umqoqi omkhulu wobuciko nezincwadi. Kodwa kungaba indodana yakhe I-Eumenides II, ngubani owayengayinika ubukhazikhazi eyayizobuthokozela.

Esigabeni sayo sokuchuma kakhulu, yayinakho cishe amavolumu ayizinkulungwane ezingamakhulu amathathu, mhlawumbe ifilosofi futhi ihlobene kakhulu ne- stoicism. Ngokungafani neyangaphambilini, ibigcina amakhophi ayo kuma-papyrus, into ebizwa kanjalo, ngokunembile ngoba yasungulwa ePergamo. Futhi, ngokusho kombhali waseRoma UPliny Omdala, kulomtapo wolwazi babegcinwe njengengcebo yezizukulwane ezizayo imisebenzi ye I-Aristotle.

Kukholakala ukuthi lo mtapo wezincwadi wanyamalala ngokunembile lapho kwenzeka umlilo wase-Alexandria. Ngoba ababusi banqume ukuthumela amavolumu owokuqala kwabamuva.

IRoma, umtapo wolwazi wokuqala womphakathi

AmaRoma akopisha izinto eziningi ezivela eGrisi, kuhlanganise nemitapo yolwazi. Kodwa-ke, banesibopho sokwandisa lezi zikhungo. Ngoba umbhali nosopolitiki UCayo Asinio Polión udale ifayela le- umtapo wolwazi wokuqala yomlando ngekhulu lokuqala BC.

Monte Amakhasino Abbey

Monte Amakhasino Abbey

Ngaphezu kwalokho, futhi UMbuso WaseRoma yayinezindlu ezinkulu zezincwadi. Phakathi kwazo, Imitapo yolwazi yasePalatina ne-Octaviana, ngenxa ye I-Augustokanye Ulpia Library lombusi UTrajan. Zonke zazinezingxenye ezimbili: leyo yemibhalo yesiGreki naleyo yemisebenzi yesiLatini.

Inkathi Ephakathi: ukwehla kwemitapo yolwazi

Ngokuwa koMbuso WamaRoma, kwaba khona okubi kakhulu ukwehla kwamasiko, kuze kufike ezingeni lokuthi ulwazi luphephele kulo izindlu zezindela. Ngakho-ke, lezi zikhungo bekuyizo zodwa ebezinemitapo yolwazi, ezinye zibaluleke njengalezo I-Reichenau, I-Monte Casino o ISan Millán de la Cogolla, eyokugcina eSpain.

Ngale ndlela, izindlu zezindela zaba ukuvikela ifa lamasiko esintu. Baye balondoloza futhi bakopisha imibhalo ukuze isizukulwane esizayo. Ngenxa yalokhu, emakhulwini eminyaka adlule eNkathi Ephakathi, ngokuvela kwe- amakolishi, yonke le misebenzi yayaziwa futhi ingagcinwa ezindlini zazo ezintsha zezincwadi. Kepha, ngalokho, sifika umhlaba wanamuhla futhi lokhu akuseyona indaba yendatshana emvelaphi yomtapo wezincwadi.


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