Ngokwesiko elidumile sonke sasiwazi amadoda e ISparta sibonga i-movie 300. Okuqukethwe isigaba somlando ngokungazelelwe kudluliselwe ebhayisikobho futhi ifilimu yaguqula isithombe sabaseSpartan ingunaphakade.
Kepha yayinjani impilo eSparta? Ngaphandle kwalezi zindikimba zobuciko nobuciko bempi, Yayinjani impilo emadodeni aseSpartaBabefundiswe kanjani, ezinhlotsheni ezinjani zomndeni, abafazi babo babenjani?
ISparta, umlando wayo
ISparta ibiyi idolobha-izwe laseGrisi lasendulo, etholakala osebeni lomfula i-Eurotas, eLaconia, eningizimu-mpumalanga ye Peloponnesus. Ukuqhuma kwayo kwezempi kwenzeka cishe ngo-650 BC futhi kuyinto yakudala ubutha ne-Athene ngesikhathi seMpi kaPeloponnesia, phakathi kuka-431 no-404 BC Wayinqoba le mpi futhi wakwazi ukugcina ukuzimela kwakhe kwezepolitiki kwaze kwaba yilapho amaRoma enqoba iGrisi.
Ngemuva kwe ukuwa kombuso wamaRoma nokuhlukaniswa kwayo okwalandela, iSparta ayikwazanga ukubalekela kuleso siphetho futhi ukugqama kwayo kwehlileNgisho nabantu bakhona bagcina beshiya lo muzi ngeNkathi Ephakathi.
Kepha lawo makhulu eminyaka abalulekile ayenele ukuthi abe nesahluko sawo emlandweni, futhi lokho kungenxa yohlelo lwawo lomphakathi kanye nomthethosisekelo wawo ogcizelela ukubaluleka kwempi kanye nokwenza kahle kwayo.
Umphakathi waseSpartan wawuhlukaniswe ngokusobala waba yimicu: kwakuyizakhamizi ngawo wonke amalungelo abo, abizwa ngamaSpartan, kepha bekukhona ne amabhu, abantu ababengebona abaseSpartan yize babevela kumaSpartan, futhi babekhululekile. Kwakukhona ne- i-perioikoi, hhayi amaSpartan amahhala kanye ne sawubonas, hhayi abaseSpartan ababeyizigqila zombuso.
Amadoda aseSpartan ayengabaphikisi beqiniso balo mphakathi, bona futhi kwesinye isikhathi amanye amabhu kanye ne-perioikoi, babeqeqeshelwa impi futhi baba ngamaqhawe aphambili. Abesifazane? Ekhaya, yebo, ngamalungelo aqhathaniswa namanye abesifazane besikhathi sakhe.
Umlando weSparta ungahlukaniswa ube yi isikhathi sangaphambi komlando, esinye sasendulo, esinye isiHellenic kanti esinye isiRoma. Kamuva kulandelwa izinkathi ze-post-classical nezanamuhla. Isikhathi sokuqala kunzima ukusakha kabusha ngoba yonke into ihlanekezelwe ngomlomo ekudlulisweni kolwazi. Isikhathi esijwayelekile, ngakolunye uhlangothi, siqoshwe kakhulu ngoba sihambisana nokuhlanganiswa kwamandla eSpartan enhlonhlweni.
Okungcono kakhulu, iSparta yayinezakhamizi eziphakathi kuka-20 35 no-XNUMX., kanye nezinye izigaba zabantu abakha umphakathi wakhe. Ngaleli nani labantu ISparta yayingenye yamadolobha amakhulu futhi abaluleke kakhulu eGreek.
Kungalesi sikhathi lapho edume khona Impi yaseThermopylae esikubona kumabhayisikobho, ngokumelene nebutho lasePheresiya. Izinto zenzeke kancane kufana nefilimu, egcina ngokunqotshwa okuhloniphekile kwabaseSpartan. Empilweni yangempela, ngemuva konyaka, iSparta iyakwazi ukuziphindisela ngokuba yingxenye yombimbi lwamaGrikhi olwa namaPheresiya, e-Battle of Plataea.
Lapha amaGrikhi anqoba futhi ngalokho kunqoba yaphela impi yamaGrikhi - yamaPheresiya kanye nezifiso zamaPheresiya zokungena eYurophu. Yize kwakuwumbimbi lwamaGrikhi olwaqeda ngabo, kulowo mfelandawonye isisindo samaqhawe aseSpartan, abaholi bebutho lamaGrikhi, sasibaluleke kakhulu.
Futhi kule nkathi yakudala iSparta ithole ibutho layo, lapho ngokwesiko kwakungamabutho ahamba phansi. Futhi lenze kahle kangangokuba lasusa amandla asolwandle ase-Athene. Eqinisweni, eSparta enhle kakhulu yayingavinjelwa futhi yabusa yonke indawo kanye namanye amadolobha amaningi, ngisho neTurkey yanamuhla.
La mandla amzuzele izitha eziningi ngakho kwadingeka abhekane nezinye izifundazwe zamaGrikhi eMpini YaseKorinte. Kule mpi, i-Argos, iKorinte, i-Athene kanye neThebes bajoyina iSparta, ekuqaleni bakhuthazwa futhi basekelwa ngamaPheresiya. ISparta yahlulwa okubaluleke kakhulu eMpini yaseCridus, lapho amasosha amaGreki namaFenike ayebamba iqhaza ekulweni nayo ohlangothini lwe-Athene, futhi izingqinamba zayo zokunwetshwa zancishiswa.
Ngemuva kweminyaka eminingi yokulwa, kwasayinwa ukuthula, i- Ukuthula kwe-Antalcidas. Ngaye, yonke imizi yamaGrikhi i-Ionia yabuyela kuma-aegis asePheresiya futhi umngcele wasePheresiya wase-Asia wakhululwa kusongo lwaseSpartan. Kusukela lapho iSparta yaqala ukungabaluleki kangako. ohlelweni lwezepolitiki lwamaGrikhi, ngisho nasezingeni lezempi. Futhi iqiniso ukuthi akazange alulame ekuhlulweni eMpini yaseLeuctra nase izingxabano zangaphakathi phakathi kwezakhamizi zayo ezihlukile.
Ngezikhathi ze Alexander omkhulu ubudlelwano bakhe noSparta babungebuhle bonke futhi. Eqinisweni, abaseSpartan bebengafuni ukujoyina amanye amaGreek kuLigi edumile yaseCorinthi lapho isungulwa, kepha baphoqeleka ukuthi benze lokho kamuva. Kuhlelo IPunic Wars Sparta isekele iRiphabhlikhi yaseRoma, wayezama njalo ukugcina ukuzimela kwakhe, kepha ekugcineni wagcina ekulahlekele ngemuva kokuhlulwa kwimpi yaseLaconia.
Ngemuva kokuwa koMbuso WaseRoma amazwe aseSparta acekelwa phansi amaVisigoths nezakhamizi zakhona zaphenduka izigqila. NgeNkathi Ephakathi iSparta yalahlekelwa ukubaluleka kwayo unomphela, futhi iSparta yanamuhla kwadingeka ilinde amakhulu amaningi eminyaka, kuze kube ngekhulu le-XNUMX, ukuze isungulwe kabusha yinkosi yamaGrikhi u-Otto.
ISparta, umphakathi wayo
ISparta kwakungu-oligarchy ephethwe yindlu yobukhosi eyifa, amalungu ayo ayevela emindenini emibili, i-Agiad ne-Eurypontid. Bathe badabuka eHeracles. Amakhosi ayenakho izibopho zezenkolo, ezempi nezokwahlulela. Ezindabeni zenkolo inkosi yayingumpristi ophakeme kunabo bonke, ezindabeni zokwahlulela izimemezelo zayo zazinegunya futhi ezindabeni zempi yayingumholi ophelele.
Ubulungiswa bomphakathi babulawulwa kakhulu yiqembu lezikhulu eziphezulu, amadoda amadala angama-28 aneminyaka engama-60s, ngokuvamile, emindenini yasebukhosini. Konke bekudingidwa phakathi kwabo bese udaba okukhulunywa ngalo lwedluliselwa kolunye uhlaka oludidiyele, kepha kulokhu izakhamizi zaseSpartan, ezivote lokho okwaphakanyiswa ngabadala. Ezinye zalezi zinkinga zenhlangano ngisho amandla enkosi ayeshintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngokujwayelekile ilahlekelwa amandla aphelele kakhulu.
Umfana waseSpartan wafundiswa esemncane futhi kwesinye isikhathi kwakukhona izingane zangaphandle ezazivunyelwa leyo mfundo. Uma owezizwe ayelunge kakhulu, mhlawumbe wayenikezwa ilungelo lokuba yisakhamuzi.
Kodwa lemfundo ikhokhelwe Ngakho-ke noma ngabe ubunguSpartan, ngaphandle kwemali bekungekho mfundo futhi ngaphandle kwemfundo bekungekho ubuzwe. Kepha kwakukhona olunye uhlobo lwemfundo kulabo ababengekho kwasekuqaleni, izakhamizi. Ubizwa ngegama i-perioikoi, futhi yayihloselwe labo ababengebona abaseSpartan.
Kufanele ukwazi lokho empeleni eSparta, abaseSpartan ngokwabo babeyidlanzana. Iningi lalikhona ama-helots, abantu ababevela eLaconia naseMessenia ekuqaleni nokuthi abaseSpartan babephumelele empini futhi begqilaza. AbaseSpartan ababulalanga abesilisa nabesifazane nezingane baba uhlobo lwezigqila. Ngemuva kwalokho, ama-helots aba njengama-serfs, njengakwamanye amadolobha aseGrisi.
Ama-Helots angagcina u-50% wezithelo zomsebenzi wabo bese eshada, uqhuba inkolo futhi ungumnikazi wento ethile, noma ngabe hhayi amalungelo ezepolitiki. Futhi uma babecebe ngokwanele, thenga inkululeko yabo. Kungani? Yebo, eSparta abesilisa bazinikele ku-100% empini ngakho-ke abakwazanga ukwenza imisebenzi yezandla, yilokho okwakudingeka yi-helots. Ubudlelwano babungenabo obunye ubucwebe, kepha ngokusobala abaseSpartan babebethemba njengoba babeze bakhe amaqembu ezempi.
Eqinisweni, kwakukhona nokuvukela kwezigqila e-Athene futhi labo ababalekela babalekela e-Attica bayobaleka phakathi kwamasosha aseSpartan. Futhi ukuthi lesi sici somphakathi waseSpartan sikwenze kwahluka. Kunoma ikuphi, ekugcineni, kwaba khona ukungezwani kwazise iziphetho zazingezona eziningi. Futhi kuthiwani ngezinye, i i-perioikoi? Yize babenemvelaphi efanayo yezenhlalo njenge-helots, babengenaso isikhundla esifanayo. Akwaziwa kahle ukuthi ayeyini, kwazise ayekhululekile kodwa engenayo imikhawulo efana neyabashayeli.
Kepha uma ukuba yi-helot noma i-perioikoi kwakungelula, futhi nokuba iSpartan kwakungelula. Lapho kuzalwa ingane, uma ikhubazekile noma igula, yaphonswa isuka eMount Taygetos. Ukube bengingumfana waqala ukuqeqeshwa kwakhe eneminyaka eyisikhombisa ukufeza isiyalo kanye nokwenza kahle komzimba. Bondliwe ngokwanele, hhayi kakhulu, ukuze bafunde ukuphila ngokuncane. Ngaphezu kokufunda ukulwa nokuphatha izikhali, bafunde nomdanso, umculo, ukufunda nokubhala.
Eminyakeni ethile kwakujwayelekile ukuthi babenomeluleki, imvamisa ungumuntu osemusha, ongashadile ongabakhuthaza njengesibonelo. Kuyashiwo nanamuhla ukuthi babenjalo abalingani ocansini, yize kungaziwa ngokuqinisekile. Ngenhlonipho ku imfundo yamantombazane Kuncane kakhulu okwaziwayo, yize kucatshangwa ukuthi nabo babefundiswe ngonembeza, yize kugcizelelwa ezinye izici.
Eminyakeni engama-20, isakhamuzi saseSpartan sasiyingxenye yeklabhu enamalungu angaba ngu-15, i- i-syssia. Isibopho sabo sigcine sisondelene kakhulu futhi baneminyaka engama-30 kuphela abangakwazi ukusebenzela izikhundla zomphakathi. Kuze kube yiminyaka engama-60 bebekhuthele. Bashade beneminyaka engu-20 kepha babenomndeni wabo nje eneminyaka engama-30 ngenkathi bethatha umhlalaphansi empilweni yempi.
Iqiniso yilokho ngempilo yezempi yaseSparta kunezinganekwane eziningi, konke kuhlotshisiwe. Kukhona lowesifazane omnikeza isihlangu ngaphambi kokuya empini, ukumtshela ukuthi "Kuyena noma naye," okungukuthi, ufile noma unqobile. Kepha eqinisweni, abaseSpartan abafile ababuyanga, bangcwatshwa enkundleni yempi. Enye inganekwane ilandisa ngomama baseSpartan abazondayo izingane zabo ezibuthakathaka, kepha kubonakala sengathi eqinisweni lezi zisho zavela e-Athene, ukuziphoxa.
Ekhuluma ngabesifazane, omama nabafazi ... Wawunjani umshado eSparta? UPlutarch uthi isiko le "Ntshontshe umakoti". Le ntombazane yabe isishefa ikhanda layo yagqoka njengendoda yalala embhedeni kumnyama. Ngakho isoka lalingena ngemuva kwesidlo sakusihlwa bese lilala nalo.
Ngokunikezwe lokhu, akukho kushoda kwabantu abacabanga ukuthi leli siko, elehlukile eSparta, likhuluma ngokusobala ukuthi lona wesifazane kufanele azenze umuntu wesilisa ukuze umyeni wakhe aqale alale naye, ojwayele ukwenza ucansi phakathi kwamadoda .. .
Ngale kwalokho, Owesifazane waseSpartan wayenendawo eyingqayizivele phakathi kwabesifazane basendulo. Selokhu bazalwa babondliwa njengabafowabo, abahlalanga ekhaya, babekwazi ukuzivocavoca ngaphandle futhi ngishade ebusheni noma ngisho eminyakeni engama-20. Umqondo bekuwukugwema ukukhulelwa okuncane kakhulu ukuze kuzalwe izingane ezinempilo futhi abesifazane bangafi ngaphambi kwesikhathi.
Futhi ukuqinisekisa futhi negazi elinamandla isiko le- yabelana ngomfazi kwamukelwa. Mhlawumbe indoda endala yanikeza insizwa imvume yokulala nenkosikazi yayo. Noma uma omdala engakwazi ukuba nezingane. Ngokusobala, amasiko ayehambisana nokuthi amadoda afele empini futhi kwakudingeka ukuthi kungapheli abantu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abesifazane babefundile futhi benezwi elithile labo, ngokungafani nabesifazane base-Athene nakwamanye amadolobha.
Ubuwazi konke lokhu ngeSparta?