Amathiyetha womoya wasendulo wamaGrikhi

Enye yeminikelo eminingi ye- Ugoqo wasendulo empucuko yasentshonalanga yi Indawo yaseshashalazini. Namuhla sizobona zazinjani izinkundla zemidlalo yaseshashalazini zasendulo zesiGreek, izindawo lapho kwakudlalwa khona izinhlekelele namahlaya, inkundla yemidanso nemikhuba yenkolo. Onke amadolobha aseGrisi ayenendawo yemidlalo yaseshashalazini, ngoba lokhu kwakuyindawo ebalulekile yokuzilibazisa nokubamba iqhaza kwezakhamizi zanoma iyiphi iphoyisa.

Amathiyetha okuqala amaGrikhi ayetholakala eduze namathempeli, ngoba ekuqaleni zazisetshenziselwa ukugubha imikhosi yenkolo. Isakhiwo saso sakudala sasilula kakhulu, yize ngokuhamba kwesikhathi sathuthukiswa saze safinyelela kufomu esaziyo namuhla.

Kungenxa yezikhathi zakudala, phakathi kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX nelesi-XNUMX BC, lapho inkundla yemidlalo yamaGrikhi ithola ukwakheka kwayo okucacile. Ngokumila okuyindilinga, kuvulekele esibhakabhakeni futhi kuhlala kutholakala ezindaweni ezinesikhala esiningi. Ukutheleka okwandayo komphakathi okuphoqelelwe ekwakheni ama-bleachers nezinye izakhiwo ezengeziwe.

Kukhona okubalulekile umehluko phakathi kweshashalazi lamaGrikhi nelamaRoma. Lezi zamuva zazakhiwe endaweni eyisicaba kanti izinyathelo zazo zazakhiwa ngama-vault nangemengamo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinkundla zemidlalo zamaGrikhi bezihlanganiswe kangcono nemvelo. Zakhiwa zisebenzisa indawo, isibonelo emithambekeni yegquma. Kamuva, izindunduma zomhlaba zakhiwa ngokukhethekile zenzelwe ukubeka izinyathelo kuzo.

Kwakukulezi zikhala ezimangalisayo lapho amaGrikhi asendulo akwazi ukujabulela izinhlekelele okokuqala ngqa. I-Aeschylus, iSophocles ne-Euripides, yize kunjalo nangamahlaya angenanhlonipho we I-Aristophanes.

I-Acoustics

Esinye sezici ezimangalisa kakhulu zamathiyetha amaGreki ngu i-acoustics yayo emangalisayo. Lokhu kusho okuningi ngalabo abaklama futhi bakha lezi zivalo, basebenzisa ulwazi lobuchwepheshe oluthuthuke kakhulu ngesikhathi sabo.

Amathiyetha amakhulu kunawo wonke angagcina izibukeli ezifika ku-18.000. Ngenxa yezizathu zesikhala, abaningi babo baphoqeleka ukuthi bahlale ezindaweni ezikude kakhulu nendawo yesehlakalo. Futhi nokho amazwi wabalingisi, umculo nezingoma zekhwaya zifinyelele kubo ngokucace ngokuphelele.

Isibonelo esaziwa kakhulu salokhu sitholakala ku- Itiyetha le-Epidaurus (esithombeni esihola iposi), esisendaweni engamakhilomitha angama-70 eningizimu ye- I-Atenas. Lapho, kuyisiko ukumangaza izivakashi ngomboniso olula osebenzayo: bayamenywa ukuthi bahlale ezindaweni ezikude kakhulu nezitendi futhi bathule. Okulandelayo, etsheni lesitshe lesiteji (skene) imali ilahliwe, umsindo wayo uwela kahle ezindlebeni zabo bonke ababukeli, noma ngabe bahlalaphi.

Ucwaningo lwakamuva lwama-acoustics lukhombisa ukuthi ukhiye awukho kuphela ekwakhiweni okuyimpumelelo kwendawo ebiyiwe, kepha futhi edwaleni le-limestone lezihlalo zezitendi, ezikwazi ukudonsa amagagasi omsindo angaphansi kwama-500 Hz.

Isakhiwo nezingxenye zemidlalo yeshashalazi yamaGrikhi

Amathiyetha amaGrikhi ayenziwe ngezinto ezintathu eziyinhloko: koilon, i-orchestra y skene, ngaphezu kochungechunge lwezinto ezisizayo.

I-Koilon

Kuyisikwele esakhiwe yi izinyathelo, lapho kwakuhlala khona izethameli. Ngezikhathi zakamuva kwabizwa isikhathi, igama elivela kulo igama lamanje "itiyetha". Njengamathiyetha nezinkundla zanamuhla, ihlukaniswe yaba imikhakha ehlukaniswe yimigwaqo.

Ezinsukwini zokuqala abantu babehlala phansi ngqo. Kamuva, kwakhiwa izihlalo zamatshe futhi, emigqeni yokuqala, izihlalo zokhuni ezikahle.

I-Orchestra

Isikhala lapho coro kanye ne- imidanso. Empeleni, ezungeze i- orchestra sonke isakhiwo sazalwa. Ezinsukwini zokuqala encane i-altare lokwenza umhlatshelokonkulunkulu ngaphambi kokusebenza.

Ngokuvamile, i- orchestra Nganginakho umumo oyindilinga lahlukaniswa nezitendi ngodonga oluphansi.

Skene

La skene (yesehlakalo), lapho i- abadlali, yafakwa esakhiweni lapho imisebenzi yokuqala yeshashalazi iqala ukumelwa. Umumo wayo wawumncane futhi uvulekile, uvame ukuphakanyiswa ngaphezu kwe- orchestra, ukuze ibonakale ngokuphelele kuwo wonke umphakathi.

Amathiyetha amaningi ayenesakhiwo ngemuva kwe- skene shayela i-paraskenia. Ngaphezulu kwakhe kunwebe i- izikhonkwane, umhlobiso wokuzenzela ukumela izimo ezahlukahlukene, njengoba kwenziwa eshashalazini lanamuhla.

Ezinye izinto zamathiyetha amaGrikhi

Ngaphezu kwalezi zingxenye eziyisisekelo zokwakheka, izinkundla zemidlalo yaseshashalazini zamaGrikhi zingaba nezinye izinto ezincane noma ezingeziwe ezinjengalezi ezilandelayo:

• IDiazoma: iphaseji egxilile ehlukanisa izitendi ukuphakama futhi yavumela izibukeli ukuthi zingene ezihlalweni zazo.
• Ukuqaphela: isikhala esingemuva kweSkene, esivame ukufihlwa emehlweni wombukeli. Isetshenziswe ngabalingisi ukushintsha izingubo.
• I-Parodoi: imigudu lapho abalingisi bangene khona endaweni yesehlakalo.
• I-Proskenion: indawo ebekwe phambi kweSkene, ihlotshiswe ngemifanekiso nezitshalo.

Amathiyetha ama-Greek alondolozwe kakhulu

Ngabe asekhona yini amanye amathiyetha asendulo amaGrikhi esingawancoma futhi siwatadishe? Ngenhlanhla, yebo, yize abaningi nabo belahlekile. Lezi ngezinye zezinto ezigcinwe kahle kakhulu:

Itiyetha le-Epidaurus

Kukhulunywe ngenhla futhi kwaphawulwa nge- i-acoustics, inkundla yemidlalo yaseshashalazini i-Epidaurus mhlawumbe iyona edume kakhulu emidlalweni yeshashalazi yasendulo yamaGreki eyaziwa. Itholakala enyakatho-mpumalanga yeNhlonhlo iPeloponnese eGrisi futhi yakhiwa ngekhulu lesi-14.000 BC. C. Ingathatha izibukeli ezifika ku-1988. Kube yingxenye yeWorld Heritage Site kusukela ngo-XNUMX.

I-Delphi Theatre

Kusondelene kakhulu ne- inkolo kankulunkulu u-Apollo futhi kuya I-Oracle yaseDelphi. Le theatre emangalisayo ehlala abantu abangu-5.000 XNUMX yanikeza ababukeli bayo umbono omuhle weCirra Valley. Ngaphandle kwemidlalo yeshashalazi, ibibuye ibambe neminye imibukiso nemikhosi ehlobene neMidlalo yasePythian.

Itiyetha likaDionysus e-Athene

El Itiyetha likaDionysus itholakala emthambekeni oseningizimu-ntshonalanga ye I-Athenian AcropolisLe kwakuyinkundla enkulu yemidlalo yaseshashalazini enkulu kunazo zonke ezweni lamaGrikhi, eyayinabantu abangaba ngu-18.000 XNUMX. Njengoba igama layo libonisa, lakhuliselwa ukunikela ngemidanso nemidlalo yokudumisa unkulunkulu uDionysus. I- i-koilon futhi i orchestra Basanda kulungiswa, kepha isakhiwo sabo sokuqala sisasebenza kahle.