Elinye lamadolobha amahle kakhulu eYurophu yi IPrague, inhlokodolobha yeCzech Republic. Idolobha elinomlando omningi ngoba eminye imicimbi ebaluleke kakhulu eYurophu ibinesahluko sayo lapha.
Lowo mlando yilokho okuwunikeze ngephrofayili yasemadolobheni eyingqayizivele ngempela futhi emangalisayo. Amakhulu eminyaka ezakhiwo Bangabonakala emigwaqweni yasePrague futhi sizokhuluma ngalokho esihlokweni sanamuhla.
EPrague, idolobha
AmaCelt babengabantu bokuqala ukuhlala lapha ngendlela ezinzile, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi amaJalimane namaSlav afika. IPrague yasungulwa ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX. Amakhosi aseBohemia enza iPrague isihlalo sikahulumeni wawo futhi iningi lala magunya ekugcineni kwaba yiNgcwele yamaRoma.
Prague lakhula kakhulu ngekhulu le-XNUMX ngenkathi iNkosi uCharles IV inweba idolobha ngezakhiwo ezintsha ezinhlangothini zombili zeVltava, nayo yabajoyina ngokwakhiwa kwebhuloho. Ngekhulu le-XNUMX leminyaka iBohemia yadlulela ezandleni zamaHabsburg ngakho-ke iPrague yaba yisifundazwe sase-Austrian.
Ngemuva kweMpi Yeminyaka Engama-30, idolobha laqhubeka nokukhula kwalo kwezomnotho futhi lelo bonanza lahunyushelwa kuzinguquko zokwakha. Khona-ke izimpi zomhlaba ezimbili zazizofika futhi ICzechoslovakia, ngaphansi komkhakha weSoviet. Ekugcineni, ngo-1989 iPrague yavalelisa kusoshiyali, ngokuba isikhungo se-Velvet Revolution.
ICzechoslovakia yanyamalala emephini kwase kuzalwa amazwe amabili: iCzech Republic neSlovakia. IPrague ibilokhu iyinhloko-dolobha yakudala kusukela lapho.
Izakhiwo ePrague
Ngalesi sikhathi samakhulu eminyaka sempilo iqiniso lelo IPrague inezakhiwo ezinhle nezinhlobonhlobo, of izitayela eziningi ezihlala ndawonye. Futhi njengoba kungelona idolobha elikhulu kakhulu, kuhle ukulihlola kahle nangezinyawo, ukubabaza lesi sixuku sezakhiwo.
Singakhuluma ngalokhu okulandelayo Izitayela zokwakha ePrague: Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque, Rococo, Classical and Imperial, Historicist, Moorish Revival, Art-Noveau, Cubism and Rondocubism, Functionalist and Communist.
Izakhiwo zaseRoma ePrague
Igama lesiRomanesque lisitshela ukuthi lobu buciko buhlobene namaRoma futhi kwakuyisitayela esabekwa eYurophu ngeNkathi Ephakathi, kusobala liphefumulelwe yasendulo.
Ukwakhiwa kwe-Romanesque kuyinhlanganisela yezitayela zamaRoma nezaseByzantium futhi ibonakala nge imengamo, amakholomu ahlotshisiwe, imibhoshongo enamandla namandla amakhulu, izindonga ezibanzi nezindawo zokuwela eziphambene. Izakhiwo ngaleyondlela zilula futhi ziyalingana.
Yibuphi ubuciko bokwakhiwa kwamaRoma obukhona ePrague? Yebo kukhona URotunda weSiphambano Esingcwele, kusukela ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX, edolobheni elidala. Enye i-rotunda, isakhiwo esiyindilinga, yileso se- San Martin, endala edolobheni Kusuka esikhathini sikaVratislav I. Kusuka ngekhulu le-XNUMX leminyaka futhi kuvulwa kuphela phakathi nezinkonzo zenkolo.
Kukhona futhi i- i-rotunda yaseSt. Longinus, emgwaqweni uStepanska futhi eduze naseChurch of San Stepan. Kuyi-rotunda encane kunazo zonke edolobheni futhi isukela engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-XNUMX. Sinefayela le- Basilica of Saint GeorgeYize inezakhi ezithile zama-baroque ezengezwe kuyo ngekhulu leshumi nesikhombisa, kepha igcina ingaphakathi elihle futhi elihle kakhulu.
Ukwakhiwa kweGothic ePrague
Njengoba sishilo ngenhla, isitayela saseRoma saba yiGothic eFrance ngekhulu le-XNUMX. Kamuva yanda kulo lonke elaseYurophu kwaze kwaba ngekhulu le-XNUMX, ukuze ibe nemvuselelo ethile ngekhulu le-XNUMX. Lesi sitayela sibonakala nge Imengamo ekhonjiwe, ingilazi enamabala enemibalabala, amagumbi okulala ayizimbambo nezikhala ezikhuphukayo. Kuyisitayela esibonakala kakhulu emasontweni futhi kamuva emanyuvesi. Ikhuluma ngobukhazikhazi bukaNkulunkulu nolwazi.
EPrague sibona isitayela seGothic kuqala kufayela le- UCharles Bridge, muhle, usanda kubuyiselwa. Kukhona futhi i- Isonto laseSt. Vitus, eyathunyelwa uCharles IV ngo-1344, futhi yaphefumulelwa amasonto ababhishobhi baseFrance, kanye ISonto Lethu Lady ngaphambi kweTyn. Leli sonto lisenkabeni yedolobha elidala futhi liyahlaba umxhwele, ikakhulukazi ebusuku. Yakhiwa ngo-1365 ngezimali ezivela kubathengisi baseJalimane.
Kukhona futhi i- I-Powder Tower Amamitha angama-65 ukuphakama, akhiwe nguMatous Rejsek ngo-1475. Itholakala ekuqaleni komzila weCoronation futhi inesikhundla esiphakeme kakhulu. Kulandelwa Isigodlo seSan Agnes de Bohemia, eyasungulwa nguNkosazana Agenes wasePremyslid ngo-1231. Kuyi isakhiwo esidala kakhulu se-gothic ePrague futhi kwakungeka-oda likaFranciscan. Iphinde yasebenza njenge-crypt yalobukhosi.
La I-Stone Bell House Kuse-Old Town Square futhi kungesinye isibonelo esihle seGothic ePrague. Yakhiwa ngekhulu le-80 futhi yabuyiselwa ngokuphelele eminyakeni yama-XNUMXs yekhulu lama-XNUMX.
Ukwakhiwa kabusha kwe-Renaissance ePrague
Ukwakhiwa kabusha kwe-Renaissance kwenziwa phakathi kokuqala kwekhulu le-XNUMX nekhulu le-XNUMX. UFlorence nedome lawo kuyizibonelo. Lesi sitayela sasakazekela e-Italy kuqala sabe sesifika eFrance, eJalimane nasemazweni angomakhelwane, saze safika naseRussia.
Ukwakhiwa kabusha kwe-Renaissance kuletha izakhi zamasiko amaGrikhi namaRoma kanjalo ibuyela ku-symmetry, geometry kanye izilinganiso yalesosikhathi. Kanjani? Kusetshenziswa izinsika, amakhaya, ama-niches, amakholomu nama-frescoes.
EPrague isitayela se-Renaissance singabonakala kufayela le- Isigodlo saseRoyal Summer, wathunywa nguFerdinando I ngo-1538 ngomkakhe, iNdlovukazi u-Anne Igumbi lomdlaloKuseRoyal Gardens, kusuka maphakathi nekhulu le-XNUMX. Ithenisi ne-badmington kudlalwe lapha, okungenani ngezindlela zabo zakudala. Esinye isibonelo yi- Isigodlo saseSchwarzenberg, eHradcanske Square, emnyama nomhlophe kulo lonke uhlangothi lwayo olungaphambili.
El I-Summer Palace Star Ingesinye isakhiwo se-Renaissance, esilinganayo kahle, kanye ne- Indlu yeMinithi, esigcawini sedolobha elidala. Ine-facade enhle ehlotshiswe ngemidwebo evela ezinganekwaneni zamaGrikhi nezinye izinkomba zeBhayibheli. Kusuka ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX futhi kukholakala ukuthi bekuyisitolo sikagwayi.
Ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zobuciko ePrague
Isitayela sebaroque sazalwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu leshumi nesikhombisa e-Italy futhi sakhula sabambisana nobuKatolika kanye noMbuso. Lesi sitayela Kubonakala ngokuqoshwa kwezimbali, imibala eminingi, ukukhanya, izithunzi, imidwebo, amafresco agqamile negolide eliningi. Izicukuthwane zase-Italy nebandla bakhuthaze lesi sitayela ngakho-ke kukhombisa amandla nengcebo yabo.
EPrague lesi sitayela sibonakala kufayela le- ISonto Lethu Lokunqoba, eyakhiwa amaLuthela aseJalimane ngo-1613. Yadlulela ezandleni zamaKarmeli Akhethiwe ngo-1620. Isigodlo sezindela iStrahov Kusentabeni futhi kuyisigodlo sesibili esidala kunazo zonke edolobheni. Ibuyela emuva ngekhulu le-XNUMX futhi iyamangaza, indawo enokuthula nenhle.
Kukhona futhi i- ISonto LaseSan Nicolás, nge-dome enhle, kusukela ngekhulu le-XNUMX. I- IChateau Troja Izungezwe izingadi ezinhle nezivini ezindala. Yakhiwe ngemali yomndeni ocebile waseSternberg futhi awukwazi ukuyikhumbula. AbakwaLoreta Kusuka ngo-1626 futhi yayikwazi ukuba sezandleni zezindela zaseCapuchin. Kudala bekuyindawo yokuhambela futhi inamafresco amahle.
El Isigodlo Sternberg KuseHradcanske Square kufihlwe ngemuva kwesigodlo sika-Archbishop. Ngemuva kwamasango amakhulu ensimbi kukhona leli tshe eliyigugu laseBaroque elakhiwa ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX.
Ukwakhiwa kweRococo ePrague
URococo owazalwa ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX Ezwenikazi laseYurophu futhi inguqulo yalo yakamuva ifaka izinto zaseFrance. Igama ukuhlangana kwe- i-barocco IsiNtaliyane esinegama lesiFulentshi i-rockery, igobolondo. Ngakho-ke lesi sitayela sicebile ngamajika amibalabala, imihlobiso egcwele ngokweqile, ama-tapestries, izibuko, izithombe ezithandwayo, imidwebo ...
EPrague uthola isitayela se-rococo kufayela le- Isigodlo Sombhishobhi Omkhulu eyakhiwe ngekhulu le-1420, ingena esikhundleni sesakhiwo esidala se-rococo esashiswa ngo-XNUMX. Sikhulu, simhlophe futhi sihle. Kukhona futhi i- Isigodlo saseKinsky, ene-stucco facade ebomvana nomhlophe enhle. Yakhiwa maphakathi nekhulu le-XNUMX.
Izakhiwo zakudala nezombuso ePrague
Lesi sitayela sibonakala ngokuba ukubeka kwase kuphenduka isici sezakhiwo zomphakathi emhlabeni wonke, ukufaka isitayela esihle seRococo. Kwakuyisitayela sokuzenzisa, ingqondo, kakhulu ohlangothini lwabantu noMbuso kunabantu bezikhulu noma abefundisi.
EPrague sikubona kubonakala kwifayela le- IPrague State Theatre, enezinsika zalo, iphalethi layo elikhanyayo nezindonga zalo zipendwe ngokuluhlaza okukhanyayo. Lapha uMozart uqobo waqondisa imisebenzi yakhe.
Izakhiwo zomlando ePrague
I-Historicism ekwakhiweni kwezobuciko nobuciko iyi- emuva kokwedlule, ku-classicism yize kunokuthinta okuthile kwezinye izitayela futhi. Akubonwa kahle, ngoba ukwakhiwa kufanele kubheke phambili hhayi emuva, kepha kusasho okukhona ePrague.
Kuphi? Kuhlelo UMnyuziyamu Kazwelonke ePrague, eyaqala ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX, eWenceslas Square, Inkundla yaseshashalazini kaZwelonke kusukela esikhathini esifanayo, ingaphakathi le- I-State Opera House, kusukela ngo-1888, i- IHanavsky Pavilion, eLena Park, eyakhiwe ngo-1891 nangesitayela se-neo-baroque enensimbi eningi.
Kukhona futhi i- ISonto LaseSan Pedro neSan Pablo, enqabeni yaseVysehrad, i-neo-Gothic, enemibhoshongo emibili yomoya kanye ne Isonto LaseSanta Ludmila, ene-facade ekhangayo.
Ukwakhiwa kwemvuselelo yamaMoor ePrague
Ngesinye isikhathi enhlanganweni yamaRoma, iYurophu yathandana nesitayela saseMpumalanga, ikakhulukazi ngekhulu le-XNUMX.
Ngaleso sikhathi amabhilidi amaningi ayesakhiwe ngesitayela semvuselelo yamaMoor, futhi endabeni yePrague siyibona ku Isinagoge LaseSpain ka-1868, ngokususelwa ku-Alhambra kanye ne- Isinagoge Lamajubili of 1906.
Ubuciko be-Art-Nouveau ePrague
Isitayela engisithandayo, mangisho, ukuthi sibonakale ezindaweni eziningi: ubucwebe, okokugqoka, ifenisha, izakhiwo ... EPrague sibona lesi sitayela esihle Indlu kaMasipala ka-1911, i- Ihhotela i-Evropa eWenceslas Square, eyakhiwe ngo-1889, i- Ihhotela eParis 1904 futhi Isakhiwo iWilsonova esiteshini sesitimela.
Kukhona futhi Isigodlo Sezimboni, omunye wabokuqala izakhiwo zensimbi kula mazwe, isigodlo sangempela sengilazi nensimbi esukela ngonyaka we-1891. Ekugcineni, futhi ngesitayela se-Art-Nouveau Indlu yezihloko, phambi kweNational Theatre kanye ne- Isiteshi Sesitimela iVysehrad, isiteshi esasilahliwe esasivame ukubabazeka, i I-Vinohrady Theatre, lo IVilla Saloun, the Iphaseji leKoruna noma i I-Villa Bilek esebenza namhlanje njengegalari kaMasipala.
Izakhiwo zeCubist neRondocubist
ICubism iyahambisana UPaul cezanne futhi isukela eminyakeni eyishumi yokuqala yekhulu lamashumi amabili. Amashubhu, izikimu, isitayela I-Picassnoma ikakhulukazi, yilokho okushiwo lesi sitayela. Ngeke kukhawulelwe ezweni elilodwa futhi ngaphakathi kwamaCzechs singakhumbula abadwebi u-Emil Fila noma uJosef Capek kanye nabakhi bezakhiwo nabaqophi abahlukahlukene abashiye uphawu lwabo edolobheni.
Ngakho-ke, ngaphakathi kwalesi sitayela kukhona Indlu yeBlack Madonna, kukakhonkolo oqinisiwe, owakhiwe phakathi kuka-1911 no-1912, i- IVilla Kovarovic, indawo okuya kuyo abafundi bokwakha. Kukhona futhi i- okuthunyelwe kwesibani se-cubist, ukuphela komuntu emhlabeni, ekhoneni leWenceslas Square kanye ne- Isigodlo sase-Adria, the I-Legio Bank, rondocubist ngaphezulu.
Izakhiwo ze-Functionalist ePrague
Lesi sitayela sithi isakhiwo kufanele sivumelane nokusetshenziswa kwaso, nomsebenzi waso, ngakho-ke sibonakala ngokuthi imigqa ecacile nemininingwane emincane noma chas nokuhlobisa.
Isitayela sokusebenza yi- UVilla Muller, the Isigodlo saseVeletrzni, iManes Building 1930, the Isonto iSt. Wenceslas, kusukela ngawo-30, kanye IBarrandov Terrace, emfuleni iVltava, yize ngokudabukisayo ngokushiywa ngokungagunci. Bekuyindawo yokudlela ngo-1929, inedamu lokubhukuda, kuvulandi ...
Izakhiwo zamaKhomanisi ePrague
Ekugcineni, sifika Isikhathi seSoviet kusuka ePrague. Ubukhomanisi futhi bunesitayela sayo: mkhulu, mpunga, ukhonkolo. Muhle kabi.
EPrague sikubona kufayela le- esasiyisakhiwo sePhalamende, eyaqala ngawo-60, i- indawo yokudlela i-Expo 58, eLetna Park, ICrown Plaza Hotel kusukela ngawo-50, i-tIsitolo somnyango waseKotva, kusukela ngo-1975, kuya ku UZizkov TV Tower Amamitha angama-216 ukuphakama akhiwe phakathi kuka-1985 no-1992, kanye ne Ama-Panelaks, izakhiwo ezinkulu kakhulu ezakhiwe emaphethelweni edolobha futhi zigqugquzelwe yiLe Corbusier.
Ngemuva kokuwa kobuKhomanisi, kuncane kakhulu okwakhiwe ngaphakathi ePrague, kepha ngicabanga ukuthi ngezitayela eziningi kangaka ezihlakazeke kulo lonke idolobha, noma yimuphi umthandi womlando, ubuciko nokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo uzoba namahora okuhamba aqinisekisiwe.