Ayenjani amasiko amaMaya

Ayenjani amasiko amaMaya? Uma uvakashele eningizimu yeMexico futhi wazibona izindawo ezifana nazo Chichen Itzaku Inhlonhlo yaseYucatan, noma I-Comalcalco, impela uzibuzile lo mbuzo. Ngoba lokho Impucuko yasendulo yaseMesoamerican isavusa isithakazelo esikhulu kithi.

Kuwo wonke umlando wayo weminyaka engaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezintathu, isiko lamaMaya lafinyelela izinga eliphezulu lentuthuko. Ukwazile ukwakha imibhoshongo emikhulu kanye nezinye izakhiwo ezikumele ngokuphelele ukuhamba kwesikhathi; ukuhlela izinhlelo zezombusazwe eziyinkimbinkimbi ngaphansi kwesakhiwo samadolobha; ukusungula amanethiwekhi wokuhweba anezindawo ezibanzi nokufeza izinga lentuthuko elibalulekile, ngokubhala okuthuthuke kakhulu kuyo yonke iMelika Ephakathi. Uma ufuna ukuthola ukuthi amasiko amaMaya ayenjani, sikukhuthaza ukuthi uqhubeke ufunde.

Ayenjani amasiko amaMaya esikhathini sawo sobukhazikhazi obukhulu

Indlela enhle yokusondela kumasiko amaMayaya ukugxila kwi isikhathi sokufika kweSpanish. Futhi lokhu ngenxa yezizathu ezimbili: yisigaba esibhalwe kakhulu nesikhathi lapho leyo mpucuko yayizuze izinga eliphakeme lentuthuko. Sizobona la masiko ewahlela ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene zomphakathi.

Inkolo

Njengabo bonke omakhelwane babo baseMelika Ephakathi, amaMaya ayenjalo onkulunkulu abaningi. Phakathi konkulunkulu babo, kwakukhona Izamna, unkulunkulu ongumdali futhi owayehlanganisa indawo yonke, futhi ikakhulukazi ilanga. Kepha futhi nabane Isiphithiphithi noma onkulunkulu bezivunguvungu; i pawatun ubambe uMhlaba kanye ibhakab benze njalo nangezulu.

Okunye okubaluleke kakhulu bekungunkulunkulu wenyoka enezimpaphe, ethola amagama ahlukile ngokuya ngendawo (ngokwesibonelo, eYucatan yabizwa Kukulkan), futhi I-Quetzalcoatl, unkulunkulu wokuphila. AbaseMayan baze baba nencwadi yabo engcwele ngemvelaphi yezinganekwane zomhlaba. Kwakunguye Popol Vuh, ebizwa nangokuthi i- Incwadi Yeseluleko ngokwazisa kakhulu ulwazi lwempucuko yakho.

Ukubukwa kweComalcalco

I-Comalcalco

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amaMeya ayenomqondo ononya ngandlela thile ngonkulunkulu bawo. Babakhokhele ngentela imihlatshelo yabantu ngoba bakholelwa ukuthi leyo ndlela ababondla ngayo futhi yabajabulisa. Kepha, ngaphezu kwalokho, singasho ukuthi babulala ukuze baphile isikhathi eside. AmaMeya akholelwa ukuthi ngokunikeza onkulunkulu babo izimpilo, bazandisa ezabo.

Kwakungesona ukuphela kwesizathu esenza imihlatshelo yabantu. Babuye benziwa cela isivuno esihle nezinye izindaba ezihlobene ne- ukusebenza kwe-Universe njengezinkathi zezulu nesimo sezulu.

Ekugcineni, ngenkathi i-Olympus yabo yayihloselwe onkulunkulu kuphela, amaMaya ayenezulu lawo. I- Xibalba Kwakuyindawo leyo, kepha okuhle nokubi kuyile. Ngokuya ngokuziphatha kwabo, baphathwa ngobumnene noma ngesihluku lapho.

Imikhosi yamaMeya

Okuhlobene kakhulu nenkolo kwakuyimikhosi yabantu baseMayan. Lokhu bekungenzeki kuzona zonke izimo, ezinye zazo bezihlambalaza. Kepha, noma kunjalo, konke okuhlobene nezenzo zabo zomkhuba kuzodonsa ukunaka kwakho. Sizokukhombisa eminye yale mikhosi.

Ukukhonzwa kwama-cenotes

Lawa ma-torcas noma izindawo ezisendaweni ye-karst eshisiwe zivame kakhulu enhlonhlweni yaseYucatan, lapho kunamadolobha okuvakasha okuthiwa yi-Riviera Maya. Uzobavakashela kanjani uma uya endaweni, sizokutshela ukuthi, kumaMaya, ama-cenotes Izindawo ezingcwele. Babhekwa njengesango lokuya ezweni elingaphansi komhlaba ngakho-ke babenza imikhosi nemihlatshelo kuzo.

Umdlalo webhola, ongenakugwenywa lapho kukhulunywa ngokuthi amasiko amaMaya ayenjani

Uhlamvu oluhluke kakhulu lwalunalo kuleli dolobha i- pok kuya pok noma umdlalo webhola, omunye wemikhosi ethandwa kakhulu ngamasiko abo. Ngisho nanamuhla ungabona ezindaweni zokuvubukula amasimu lapho kwakwenziwa khona. Kepha futhi bekubaluleke kakhulu kumaMaya. Ngamaqembu abo, baxazulula izingxabano phakathi kwamadolobha, okungukuthi, bekuyindlela ehlukile yempi.

Inkambu yomdlalo webhola

Inkambu yomdlalo webhola eMonte Alban

Kodwa-ke, labo abalahlekelwe ukwethuka babevame ukutholwa. Ngakho-ke, ibuye ibe nesivelele isiko lesiko. Njengoba uzoba nentshisekelo yokwazi ukuthi lo mdlalo uqukethe ini, sizokutshela ukuthi bekumayelana nokudlulisa ibhola phezu kwenetha lokwakha ngaphandle kokuthinta phansi. Futhi bebengamshaya kuphela ngamahlombe, izindololwane noma okhalweni.

UHanal Pixan, usuku lwakhe lwabafileyo

Njengoba kunjalo nanamuhla, amaMaya nawo abenosuku lwawo lokufa. Kwakuwumkhosi UHanal Pixan futhi wakhumbula abathandekayo ngempepho, umculo, izidlo, neminye imikhosi.

Izenzo zokubonga ngezivuno

Bonga isivuno isenzo esikhona kuwo wonke amasiko omhlaba, endulo namanje. AmaMaya ayenemicimbi eyahlukahlukene kuyo yonke inqubo yokuzala komhlaba.

Nge Pa Puul bacele izulu ukuthi line futhi ne I-Sac Ha bacela ukuthi ummbila ukhule. Lapho izithelo zomhlaba seziqoqiwe, bababonga ngomdanso ka- UNan Pach. Kulo mcimbi wokugcina, bakha onodoli abavela emakholweni ommbila, bababeka kuma-altare futhi bathandaza ngenkathi bephuza iphini, eyenziwe ngommbila uqobo.

Eminye imikhuba

Ekugcineni, i xukule Kwakungumkhosi wokusondela e-Itzamna, unkulunkulu ongumdali, ukumcela impilo nokuchuma, kuyilapho Hetzmek kwakuwumcimbi wobhapathizo lwabancane.

Ipolitiki kanye nesakhiwo senhlalo

AmaMaya ayenahulumeni wawo njengohulumeni ubukhosi, yize yehluke kakhulu kulokho okwakukhona ngokwesibonelo eSpain, eNgilandi noma EFrance ngalezo zikhathi. Noma kunjalo, kunokufana okuthile. Amakhosi abo athathwa njengamadodana kankulunkulu, ngakho-ke, amandla akhe avela ebunkulunkulwini. Ngasikhathi sinye, basebenzise uhulumeni wedolobha labo noma insimu yabo futhi basebenza njenge abapristi.

Ithempeli leJaguar Enkulu

Ithempeli le-Jaguar Enkulu

Ngokuphathelene nomphakathi, iqembu elibusayo noma eliphakeme lasungulwa, ngaphezu kwenkosi uqobo, ngomunye abapristi abanesimo se-shamanic. Inkolo yayibaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni wamaMaya yingakho ama-shaman ayenamandla amakhulu. Baze bahlanganyela ezinqumweni zeNgonyama. Ekugcineni, ibanga lesithathu phakathi kwabacebile kwaba izicukuthwane, ogama lakhe kwakungelofuzo futhi owayeluleka inkosi.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kwakukhona isigaba esiphansi lapho i- abasebenzi nezisebenzi eduze kwesixhumanisi esiphansi kunazo zonke, i- izigqila. Lezi zokugcina zazingenawo wonke amalungelo futhi zaziyizinto zesicukuthwane ezazizithengile. Ekugcineni, ngokuthuthuka kwempucuko yamaMaya, a isigaba esiphakathi, enabasebenzi bakahulumeni, abathengisi, izingcweti nabasebenzi abasezingeni eliphakathi.

Ibutho nempi

Impela impi ibibaluleke kakhulu ekucabangeni kwalaba bantu bangaphambi kweColombia. Babehlala njalo phakathi kwabo noma bephikisana nezindawo eziseduze futhi ibutho laseMayan lalizilungiselele futhi liziphatha kahle isiyalo esikhulu. Kade kukhona amasoshaKepha wonke amadoda amadala aphilile kwakudingeka abambe iqhaza ezimpini, futhi kubonakala sengathi nabesifazane babamba iqhaza kulezi zingxabano.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, la maqhawe aseMayan ayesebenzisa njengezikhali umnsalo nomcibisholo. Kepha, ikakhulukazi basebenzise i- i-atlatl, umjikijeli we-dart, futhi osevele esezikhathini zaseSpain, inkemba ende noma igama. Ngaphezu kwalokho, babeka imizimba yabo nge izikhali enziwe ngokotini ohlanganisiwe oqinile ngamanzi anosawoti.

Amadolobha aseMayan nokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo, okwaziwa kakhulu ngamasiko aseMayan

Amadolobha aleli dolobha langaphambi kweColumbian abengahlelwanga ngokwasemadolobheni. Ngakho-ke, kunwetshwa ngokungajwayelekile. Kodwa-ke, cishe zonke zinesikhungo esakhiwe ngamabhilidi omkhosi nawokuphatha futhi, kulokhu, kunezindawo eziningana zokuhlala ezengezwe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Okuningi okuyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe kwakungokwakhiwa kweMayan, kuze kube seqophelweni lokuthi le mpucuko ibhekwa njengenye yezinto zasendulo ezithuthuke kakhulu ngokwakhiwa. Babenabasebenzi abakhethekile.

Indawo yokubuka iPalenque

I-Palenque Observatory

Bakha izikwele, amapalati, izinkundla zomdlalo webhola futhi sacbeob noma ngemoto. Kepha ngaphezu kwazo zonke izigodlo, amathempeli, amaphiramidi kanye nezindawo zokubuka. Eziningi zalezi zakhiwo, ngaphezu kwalokho, zazikhona kuhlotshiswe ngemidwebo, okuqoshwe emifanekisweni noma okusetshenzisiwe kwe-stucco.

Mhlawumbe esinye sezakhiwo eziphumelela kakhulu yi iphiramidi ye-triassic. Siqukethe isakhiwo esikhulu esizungezwe yizincane ezimbili ezinhlangothini zaso futhi sibheke ngaphakathi, zonke zakhiwe endaweni eyodwa eyisisekelo. Bafike babenza baba nobukhulu obukhulu futhi kukholakala ukuthi leli fomu belihlobene ne- izinganekwane yalelo dolobha.

Ubuciko beMeya

Ubuciko beMayan bunenhloso ikakhulukazi isiko, yize beyihlanganisa nezinye izihloko. Yenziwe ngamatshe aqoshwe ngamatshe noma ngokhuni, imidwebo, amatshe ayigugu, nobumba. Babenombono okhethekile wemibala luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka abasebenzise kakhulu i-jade yalawo mathoni.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, emadolobheni abo i- stelae ngamatshe. Kepha ngaphezu kwakho konke, ama-facade ahlotshiswe nge- i-stucco edwetshiwe ngemibala egqamile. Eqinisweni, babene-major umdwebo odongeni. Ngokuqondene nobumba lwabo, babazi izindlela zokudubula ezisezingeni eliphakeme yize babengenawo amasondo ombumbi. Ngalesi sizathu, izingcezu eziyindilinga ezifana nezibuko zenziwa ngezinye izindlela ezifana ne-roll warping.

Ulimi nokubhala, kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi amasiko amaMayan ayenjani

Insimu ngayinye yale mpucuko yayinolimi lwayo. Kodwa-ke, zonke zivela olimini olufanayo olubizwa promaya ocabanga ukuthi wazalelwa ezinkangala zaseGuatemala. Ngokunjalo, yonke imibhalo elondoloziwe ye-Classic Period (cishe ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX BC) kubonakala sengathi yabhalwa kulokho okuthiwa choli noma ulimi lwesiMaya lwakudala.

Ngokuqondile uhlelo lokubhala lwaleli dolobha lubaluleke kakhulu ukwazi amasiko abo. Futhi lokhu ngenxa yezizathu ezimbili: kufinyelele ezingeni eliphezulu le- ukucubungula futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, siyabazi ngenxa yemibhalo nemibhalo abasishiyele yona.

IDresden Codex

ICresx yaseDresden

Yize kunabacwaningi abawuphikayo, abanye bakhomba lo mbhalo njengothuthuke kakhulu. Amasampula okuqala avela ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX BC. Kepha ngaphambili, bekuvele kukhona ezinye izindlela zokubhala zaseMesoamerican ezifana I-Zapotec.

Kuluhlobo lwe ukubhala kwe-glyphic, okungukuthi, ngokusekelwe kuma-hieroglyphics ngesitayela, ngokwesibonelo, saseGibhithe lasendulo. Ukujula kancane, sizokutshela ukuthi isebenzisa ini ama-logograms noma izethulo zegama, kuhlanganiswe izimpawu zesilabhasi. Futhi manje sekucishwe ngokuphelele.

Izincwadi ezine zangaphambi kukaColumbian Mayan ziyagcinwa. I- ICodex yaseMadrid Uhlobo lohlobo lokubhula futhi lususelwa ku- tzolkin noma umjikelezo ongcwele wezinsuku walaba bantu baseMesoamerican. I- ICresx yaseDresden iqukethe amatafula ezinkanyezi nezinkanyezi, kanye nezincazelo zemikhosi ehlobene nonyaka omusha. Ngokwakhe, IParis Codex Kubhekwa njengohlobo lwebhukwana labapristi baseMayan. Ekugcineni, i- ICodex Grolier, okuthe ukuphikiswa kwayo kwaphikiswa kwaze kwaba muva nje, kusanda kuqinisekiswa njengeqiniso futhi iqukethe izithombe zonkulunkulu.

I-Astronomy nekhalenda leMayan

Kuningi okucatshangelwe ngolwazi lwezinkanyezi kanye nezinsuku zekhalenda likaMayan ukuthi kuyadingeka ukukhuluma ngakho konke. Kuyiqiniso ukuthi leli dolobha langaphambi kweColombia wafunda ngokucophelela izinto ezisemkhathini.

Kepha inhloso yayo kwakungelona ulwazi lwendawo yonke, kepha yayine- injongo yezinkanyezi, ukubhula. Njengokulangazelela, sizokutshela ukuthi bakuthatha ukusitheka kwelanga nenyanga njengezikhathi ezithile zokubikezela amashwa.

Ngokuqondene nekhalenda, amaMeya azuza ukubala unyaka welanga kangcono kakhulu kunabaseYurophu besikhathi sakhe. Bahlukanisa isikhathi sabo saba yizinsuku noma isihlobo, amaphuzu noma wina neminyaka yezinsuku ezingama-360 noma tun. Kepha ngokulinganayo, zazisuselwa kumjikelezo wesikhathi esivumelanayo: lokhu okushiwo ngenhla tzolkin, Izinsuku ezingama-260; i hab ka-365 nokushaya ucingo isondo lekhalenda, Uneminyaka engu-52.

Umdwebo weMayan

Umdwebo wesakhiwo sasemayan

Umnotho nokuhweba

Ekugcineni, sizokutshela ngomnotho waseMeya. Mayelana nezolimo zabo, kubonakala sengathi bebazi amasu athuthukile. Babezijwayeza ukuwenza amasimu nezinye izindawo eziphakanyisiwe ukuthi banisele iziteshi. Phakathi kwemikhiqizo yezolimo abayitholile, ummbila, umdumbula, ubhontshisi obanzi, isikwashi, ubhekilanga noma ukotini kwakubaluleke kakhulu. Kepha i ukhokho, ikakhulukazi ngezigaba zayo ezibusayo, kangangoba kwesinye isikhathi yayisetshenziswa njengemali.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kubonakala sengathi amaMaya ayenjalo abathengisi abakhulu. Amadolobha amakhulu abungazwa izimakethe futhi baba yizikhungo ezibalulekile zokuhweba. Izimpahla zazithuthwa yizilwane emigwaqweni yazo noma ngesikebhe emifuleni futhi zifinyelelwe sonke isifunda saseMesoamerican. Izinto ezidume kakhulu bekuyizindwangu, ubucwebe noma ubumba, kepha nemikhiqizo yokudla.

Sengiphetha, sikukhombisile ayenjani amasiko amaMaya, omunye wabantu abaphambili kakhulu be-pre-Columbian kulo lonke izwekazi laseMelika. Bakha umphakathi onentshisekelo enkulu kusayensi yezinkanyezi nokwakhiwa, kepha futhi nakwezentengiselwano nezinto eziyigugu.


Yiba ngowokuqala ukuphawula

Shiya umbono wakho

Ikheli lakho le ngeke ishicilelwe. Ezidingekayo ibhalwe nge *

*

*