Ukwakha ingxenye yomngcele ophakathi kweChina neRussia, i umfula i-amur Umfula i-Black Dragon, sekuyisikhathi eside uhlukaniswa okubalulekile phakathi kwala mazwe womabili. Umfula uhlanganisa izinhlobo zokwehluka okukhulu kwezindawo, kusukela ehlane le-steppe kuya kutundra.
Ezinkomba eziningi zomlando lezi zinhlangano zombili zomhlaba zaziwa njenge-Outer Manchuria ne-Inner Manchuria, ngokulandelana. Futhi umfula ufana nomngcele ophakathi kwesifundazwe saseChina iHeilongjiang, osebeni oluseningizimu lomfula obizwa ngegama lakhe, njengesifunda sase-Amur eRussia ebhange elisenyakatho. Igama le- Black River Yayisetshenziswa nguManchu kanye neQing Dynasty, ababehlala njalo bethatha lo mfula njengento engcwele.
Umfula i-Amur uwuphawu olubaluleke kakhulu lwe - nento ebalulekile kwezobuchwepheshe bomhlaba - ubudlelwano beSino-Russian. I-Amur ibaluleke kakhulu esikhathini ngemuva kokwehlukana kwezepolitiki phakathi kweChina neSoviet Union ngawo-1960.
Sekungamakhulu eminyaka i-Amur Valley igcwele amaTungusic (i-Evenki, i-Solon, i-Ducher, i-Nanai, i-Ulch) nama-Mongols (i-Daur), futhi, eduze nomlomo wayo, yi-Nivkhs. Kwabaningi babo, ukudoba eMfuleni i-Amur nemingenela yawo kwakuwumthombo oyinhloko wokuziphilisa kwabo. Kuze kube yikhulu le-17, laba bantu bebengaziwa kwabaseYurophu, futhi bengaziwa kangako ngamaShayina, kwesinye isikhathi ababebachaza njengamaJurchens asendle. Igama elithi Dazi Yupi ("isikhumba senhlanzi saseTatar") lalisetshenziselwa amaNanais namaqembu ahlangene nawo, ngenxa yezingubo zabo zendabuko ezenziwe ngezikhumba zezinhlanzi.
Ngekhulu le-17 kwaba nombango wokulawulwa kwe-Amur phakathi kwamaRussia, ukwanda kwempumalanga yeSiberia, kanye noMbuso waseQing osanda kukhuphuka, isizinda sawo sokuqala sasiseNingizimu-mpumalanga yeManchuria. Uhambo lwaseRussia iCossack oluholwa nguVassili Poyarkov noKhabarov Yerofey bahlola i-Amur nemifudlana yayo ngo-1643-1644 nango-1649-1651, ngokulandelana. ICossacks yasungula inqaba yase-Albazin e-Amur engenhla, esizeni senhlokodolobha yasendulo ye-emuli kaSolon.
Iqiniso ngukuthi uMfula i-Amur ungumgudu wamanzi obaluleke kakhulu eMpumalanga Ekude yaseRussia. Ukuhlangana kwemifula iArgun neShilka kwakha uMfula i-Amur. Amamayela ayi-1.000 XNUMX umfula unikeza umngcele wemvelo phakathi kweRussia nenyakatho nePeople's Republic of China eningizimu. Izindawo zeMfula i-Amur zifaka izindawo ezihlukene zasogwadule, i-steppe, i-tundra, ne-taiga yaseNyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Asia.
Umfula i-Amur nawo unezinga eliphakeme kakhulu ngokunotha kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo (ngemuva koMfula iMississippi) eNyakatho Nenkabazwe. Iqukethe ingxube eyingqayizivele yezitshalo nezilwane ezisenyakatho.
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi i-Amur ifinyelela eqophelweni layo eliphakeme phakathi nehlobo phakathi nezimvula zemvula. Kusukela ngoMeyi kuya kuNovemba, lapho umfula ungabi neqhwa, i-Amur ihamba ngomkhumbi ubude bayo bonke.