Haruffa da rubutun tsohuwar Girka

Abubuwan rubutun Girkanci na d mode a da rubuce-rubuce an tsara su akan waɗanda created halitta ta Phoenicians. Waɗannan, asalinsu daga Gabas ta Tsakiya, manyan mashahuran jirgi ne waɗanda suka kafa masana'antu ko yankunan kasuwanci a duk duniya. Rum isa wannan yankin na Iberiya.

Amma kuma sun kasance farkon waɗanda suka ƙirƙiri wani haruffa, ma'ana, saitin wakilcin zane na sauti. Har zuwa lokacin, rubutu ya ƙunshi gumaka waɗanda suka nuna abin da ake nufi. Ya kasance abin da ake kira rubutun hoto.

Misali na haruffa da rubutu na tsohuwar Girka: Linear B

Harafin Foeniyanci ya yadu ne ta hanyar masu kirkirar sa a cikin Bahar Rum, wanda ya jagoranci yawancin al'ummomin suyi dace dashi da bukatun su. Daga cikin su duka, watakila mafi girman ci gaba shine Girkanci, wanda kuma ya kammala shi.

Koyaya, dole ne mu gaya muku cewa ba shine tsarin rubutu na farko da Hellenes suka yi amfani da shi ba. Kafin wannan lokacin shine ake kira Arirgar B, amfani da Lokacin Mycenaean, Wato wanda yake gabanin na Girka na gargajiya, wanda ke rufewa, kusan, tsakanin 1600 da 1200 BC kuma wanda yake da manyan biranen biranen Troy, Tebas, Atenas o Tirnin.

Linear B, wanda aka sani da shi Girkanci na Mycenaean, ya kasance nau'in rubutun silabi. Don haka ake kiranta shi wanda alamominsa gaba ɗaya ke wakiltar sautin wasali da kuma sauran baƙaƙe (salo). Aikinta ba na adabi bane, amma kawai yana gudanar dashi ne kawai. Anyi amfani dashi don yin rikodin abubuwan da aka kashe na fadojin fada. A matsayin tushe don rubutu, anyi amfani dasu yumbu slats wanda, a ƙarshen shekara, ana amfani da shi don lalacewa don fara sabon lissafin kuɗi.

Sabunta Girka ga haruffan Phoenician

Sakamakon haka, lokacin da Helenawa suka karɓi haruffan Phoenicia a wajajen 1100 BC, sai suka haɗa shi da nasu dabarun rubutu. Ta wannan hanyar, suka zamanantar da shi kuma suka mai da shi cikakke kuma mai aiki. Daga cikin gudummawar sa, waɗannan masu fice.

Gabatarwar wasula

Babban abin kirki da Hellenes suka kawo shine gabatarwar wasula, babu shi a cikin rubutun Finikiya. Don wakiltar su, kada kuyi tunanin sun yi ƙoƙari na tunanin su ma. Sun iyakance kansu ga amfani da wasu alamomin samfurin Feniyanci waɗanda ba sa buƙatar yarensu kuma suka mai da su larurar wasula. Wasalin farko sun kasance Alfa, epsilon, iota, omicron e ipsilon.

Koyaya, wannan gudummawar ta kasance mai mahimmanci ga tarihin ɗan adam. A zahiri, duk haruffa daga baya waɗanda suka haɗa da alamun wasali sun dogara ne da Girkanci.

Sauran gudummawa ga haruffa da rubutu na tsohuwar Girka

Hellenes kuma sun gabatar da wasu sabbin abubuwa ga haruffan gado. Don haka, sun kirkiri sababbin baƙaƙe guda uku: the Fi da kuma Gi a matsayin wakilcin sautunan da babu su a cikin yaren Phoenician da kuma Psi wanda har yanzu ana amfani dashi a yau cikin yaren al'ada. Wanda aka fassara shi da Romansan Romawa, har yanzu yana bayyana a cikin Sifaniyanci yayin rubuta kalmomi kamar "ilimin halayyar mutum" ko "ilimin hauka."

Juyin halittar haruffan Girka

Asalinta, haruffa da rubutu na tsohuwar Girka suna da wasu kalmomin rubutu waɗanda daga baya suka ɓace. Su ne shari'o'in tsari, wanda ya sake halittar wata Feniyanci; da san, wanda yake da sauti iri ɗaya kamar sigma kuma sabili da haka yana da sauƙin rikicewa, ko kwaso, wanda ya sake fitar da karar fashewar uvular kowa na Phoenicians waɗanda babu su a yaren Girka.

Amma ya fi mahimmanci ku tuna cewa baƙaƙen Girkanci bai dace ba gaba ɗaya. Musamman, tana da manyan bambance-bambancen guda biyu: the gabas ko ionic, wanda Athens ya ɗauka a shekara ta 406 kafin haihuwar Yesu, kuma yamma ko calcidic, wanda ya haifar da haruffan Etruscan kuma, daga wannan, zuwa Roman.

Hakanan Girkawa sun canza hanyar rubutu. A farkon, sun yi amfani da a rubutun bustrofedon, ya kunshi rubuta layi daga dama zuwa hagu, na gaba daga hagu zuwa dama da sauransu. Ta wannan hanyar, koyaushe suna fara rubutu a gefen inda suka gama layin da ya gabata.

Koyaya, lokacin da Athens ta ɗauki haruffan Girka, ana yin rubutu koyaushe daga hagu zuwa dama kamar yadda muke yi yanzu a Yammacin Turai.

Lambobi, wani aikace-aikacen harafin Girka

Kamar yadda kuka sani, Romawa sun yi amfani da wasiƙunsu don yin lamba. A zahiri, har yanzu muna amfani da lambobin Roman a yau, misali, shekaru aru aru. Koyaya, wannan tuni tsoffin Girkawa sukayi. Musamman ya kasance a cikin Yankin Ionia, wanda fiye ko lessasa ya ƙunshi tsakiyar da yammacin gabar Anatoliya, a yau Turkiyya, tare da tsibirin ta.

Kamar yadda Latinos zai yi daga baya, kowane harafi na harafin Girka yana wakiltar lamba. Kuma har ma sun ajiye wa wannan tsarin tsoffin haruffan da suka kawar da shi. A matsayin misali, zamu gaya muku cewa alpha yakai darajar 1, beta yana da darajar 2 kuma haka har zuwa isowa wanda yakai 10. Amma, daga wannan, kappa yana da darajar 20, lambda na 30 ko de na 40.

Girkanci ya goyi bayan rubutu

Yayinda suke kammala baƙaƙe da lambobin su, Helenawa suma inganta tallafi cewa sun kasance suna rubutawa. A ka'ida kuma kamar Feniyaniya, sun yi amfani da allunan laka mai laushi da kayan kaɗa. Amma, bayan lokaci, suna yin tallafi karin bayani (gami da itacen da aka dasa da kakin) da ma papyrus da kuma takardar.

A ƙarshe, ga Girkawa muna bin mu bashi halittar haruffa kamar yadda muka fahimta a yau, tare da wasula da baƙin. Amma, ƙari, godiya ga bayyanar wannan, mun sami damar adana ayyukan manyan marubutan Hellenic tsufa a dukkan fagagen ilimi, daga Falsafa zuwa Magunguna. Misali, mun san hakan Socrates bai rubuta komai ba, amma ra'ayinsa almajirinsa ne ya rubuta shi Plato wanda shi ma a nasa bangaren ya rubuta nasa. Shin ba ku tunanin ya kamata mu gode wa Helenawa don wannan kyakkyawan sabis ɗin?