Mavara echiGiriki
Mavara ekare echiGiriki uye zvinyorwa zvinoenzanisirwa pane izvo zvakagadzirwa ne VaFenikiya. Ava, vaibva kuNear East, vaive vafambi vengarava vakagadzira mafekitori kana makoloni ekutengesa pasi rese. Mediterranean kusvika kuIberian Peninsula imwechete.
Asi ivo vaive zvakare vekutanga kugadzira iyo alphabet, ndiko kuti, seti yemifananidzo inomiririra manzwi. Kusvika panguva iyoyo, kunyora kwaive nemifananidzo yairatidza zvairehwa. Yaiva iyo inonzi pictographic kunyora.
Chiitiko chearufabheti uye kunyora kweGreek yekare: Linear B
Mavara echiFenikiya akaparadzirwa nevakaagadzira muMediterranean yose, zvichitungamira vanhu vazhinji kuti vajairane nezvavanoda. Pakati pavo vese, pamwe yepamusoro yaive ChiGiriki, iyo zvakare yaikwanisa.
Nekudaro, isu tinofanirwa kukuudza kuti yanga isiri yekutanga nzira yekunyora inoshandiswa nemaHellene. Isati yasvika ino nguva inonzi inonzi Linear B, inoshandiswa mu Nguva yeMycenaeanNdokureva, iyo yakatarisana neyeClassical Greece, iyo inovhara, pakati, pakati pe1600 na1200 BC uye yaive nevanopikisa maguta e Troy, Tebas, Chania o Tiryns.
Chinhu chakashongedzwa neyekare yechiGiriki mavara
Linear B, inozivikanwawo ne Mycenaean chiGiriki, yaive mhando ye syllabic kunyora. Iri izita remunhu ane zviratidzo zvinomiririra izwi revhavha uye imwe konzonendi (syllable). Basa rayo rakanga risiri rekunyora, asi kungo maneja. Iyo yaishandiswa kurekodha mari dzemumhuri dzehumambo. Sechikonzero chekunyora, dzakashandiswa ivhu slats iyo, pakupera kwegore, yaiwanzoparadzwa kutanga accounting nyowani.
Zvigadzirwa zvechiGreek kune mavara echiFenikiya
Nekudaro, maGreek paakatora mavara echiFenikiya kuma 1100 BC, vakaasanganisa nehunyanzvi hwavo hwekunyora. Nenzira iyi, vakaisimudzira uye vakaita kuti ive yakakwana uye inoshanda. Pakati pezvipo zvake, zvinotevera zvinomira pachena.
Nhanganyaya yemavhawero
Iyo huru yekuvandudza yakaunzwa nemaHellene yaive iyo kuiswa kwemavhawero, haapo mukunyora kweFenikiya. Kuti uvamiririre, usafunge kuti vakaita kuyedza kwekufungidzira futi. Vanozvigumira pakutora zvimwe zviratidzo zveFenike modhi izvo zvavaisada pamutauro wavo uye vobva vazvishandura kuita zviperengo zvemavhawero. Mavhawero ekutanga aive alfa, epsilon, iota, omicron e iponi.
Nekudaro, uyu mupiro wave wakakosha kunhoroondo yeHumanity. Muchokwadi, maarufabheti ese anotevera anosanganisira zviratidzo zvemavhawero akavakirwa muchiGiriki.
Mepu yeGreek yekare
Mimwe mipiro kune arufabheti uye kunyora kweGreek yekare
VaHellene vakaunzawo zvimwe zvitsva kumafabheti anogarwa nhaka. Nekudaro, ivo vakagadzira matatu matsva makonzonendi: iyo Fi and the Gi semumiriri wemisindo isingavepo inoshuviwa mumutauro weFenikiya uye zvakare Psi iyo ichiri kushandiswa nanhasi mumutauro wekunamata. Inoturikirwa nevaRoma, ichiri kuoneka muchiSpanish pakunyora mazwi anoti "psychology" kana "psychiatry."
Iko kushanduka kweiyo mavara echiGiriki
Mukutanga kwayo, arufabheti uye kunyorwa kweGreek yekare kwaive nekuperetera kwakazonyangarika. Ndidzo kesi dze digram, iyo yakatangazve iyo wow ChiFenikiya; iyo funga, iyo yaive nezwi rakafanana nesigma uye nekudaro yaive nyore kuvhiringidza, kana iyo quppa, iyo yakaburitsa iyo inoputika uvular kurira qop yevaFenikiya yaisavapo muchiGiriki.
Asi zvinonyanya kukosha kuti iwe urambe uchifunga kuti mavara echiGiriki haana kunyatsoenzana. Kunyanya, yaive nemhando mbiri dzakasiyana: iyo kumabvazuva kana ionic, iyo yakagamuchirwa neAthens muna 406 BC, uye kumadokero kana calcidic, iyo yakamutsa mavara eEtruscan uye, kubva apa, kuenda kune yeRoma.
MaGreek akachinjawo nzira yavo yekunyora. Pakutanga, vaishandisa a bustrofedon mhando yekunyora, zvinosanganisira kunyora mutsetse kubva kurudyi kuenda kuruboshwe, unotevera kubva kuruboshwe uchienda kurudyi zvichingodaro. Neiyi nzira, ivo vaigara vachitanga kunyora padivi pavakange vapedza mutsara wekare.
Nekudaro, panguva iyo Atene payakatora arufabheti yechiGiriki, kunyora kwaigara kuchiitwa kubva kuruboshwe kuenda kurudyi sezvatinoita iye zvino kuMadokero.
Ndima kubva kunaHomer's 'Odyssey'
Numeri, kumwe kushandiswa kwearufabheti yechiGiriki
Sezvaunoziva, vaRoma vakashandisa tsamba dzavo kuverenga. Muchokwadi, isu tichiri kushandisa manhamba echiRoma nhasi, semuenzaniso, kwemazana emakore. Zvisinei, izvi zvakatoitwa kare nevaGiriki vekare. Kunyanya zvaive mune iyo Ionia dunhu, iyo yaive zvishoma kana zvishoma yaive nechepakati uye kumadokero kwemahombekombe e Anatolian, nhasi Turkey, pamwe chete nezvitsuwa zvayo.
Sezvo Latinos yaizoita gare gare, mabhii ese earufabheti yechiGiriki anomirira nhamba. Uye vakatochengetera system iyi mavara ekutanga avakange vabvisa. Semuenzaniso, isu tichakuudza kuti alpha yaive yakakosha 1, beta yaive ne kukosha kwe2 zvichingodaro kusvika yasvika iota yaive yakakosha gumi. Zvisinei, kubva pane izvi, kappa yaive ne kukosha kwe makumi maviri, lambda yemakumi matatu kana yangu makumi mana.
ChiGiriki chinotsigira kunyora
Ndichiri kugadzirisa mavara avo nenhamba, maGiriki zvakare zvivigiro zvakagadziridzwa izvo zvavaigara vachinyora. Mukutungamira uye kufanana nevaFenikiya, vaishandisa mahwendefa evhu nyoro uye zvinongedzo. Asi, nekufamba kwenguva, ivo vaitora mamwe matafura akajeka (kusanganisira huni dzakaiswa mutsipa) uye zvakare iyo nhokwe and the yematehwe.
Mukupedzisa, kuvaGiriki isu tine chikwereti kugadzirwa kwearufabheti sezvatinozvinzwisisa nhasi, nemavhawero nemakonsonendi. Asi, pamusoro pezvo, nekuda kweichi chitarisiko, isu takakwanisa kuchengetedza mabasa evanyori vakuru veiyo Hellenic yekare mumatunhu ese eruzivo, kubva kuFilosofi kuenda kuMishonga. Semuenzaniso, tinoziva izvozvo Socrates haana kunyora chero chinhu, asi mazano ake akanyorwa nemudzidzi wake Plato uyo, iyewo, chikamu chake, akanyora zvake. Haufunge here kuti tinofanirwa kutenda maGiriki nebasa iri rakanaka?