Las ulwakhiwo lwangaphandle, Zivela kumphezulu we-calcareous massif, ngokupheliswa kwelitye lekalika okanye ngenkxaso-mali, yiyo loo nto kusenziwa imiwonyo. Ezi zibukekayo, iintlambo ezinzulu zineendonga ezithe nkqo, ngenxa yokuchithwa kwelitye lekalika, ukunyibilika kukhulu kwiintlambo kuneendonga. Sinemingxunya yokuntywila, ukudakumba emhlabeni okuhlala kuhlala kuyisetyhula, kwenziwa xa kunyibilika amatye okanye xa kuwa umqolomba. Ezinxulumene nemingxunya yesinki zii-poljés, indawo ezinomgama oziikhilomitha ezininzi.Iisinki yimingxunya kumphezulu womhlaba, apho amanzi angena khona kwi-calcareous massif. Kwimingxunya yesinki umjelo unganyamalala kwaye ubonakale kwiikhilomitha ezininzi. Kamva, kwindudumo. Ukugqithisa yindawo apho amanzi angaphantsi komhlaba aphuma ngaphandle.
Ilensi siseti yemijelo, eveliswa ngamanzi asendle. I-Travertines okanye i-calcareous tuffs yenziwe yimvula ye-calcium carbonate kwizityalo.
Ulwakhiwo Endokarst Zivela ngaphakathi kwe-calcareous massif, ngenxa yesenzo samanzi angenisiweyo avela ngaphezulu, ngokuhamba kwamanzi, imiqolomba, i-grottos, imingxunya emikhulu ivela kuyo, kukho i-chasms, ethe nkqo ngaphakathi ngaphakathi kwe-calcareous massif, neegalari zendlela ethe tyaba, zenza uthungelwano oluntsokothileyo. Xa inxalenye yophahla ifihliwe, zenza iigalari, ezibizwa ngokuba yimigodi. Xa izimbiwa zetyuwa, ikhalsiyam carbonate, zifakwa kwimingxunya ekuthiwa zi-speleothems, zineentlobo ezininzi.
I-Stalactites yidipozithi ye-calcium carbonate exhonywe eluphahleni lweegalari okanye emiqolombeni.
I-Stalagmites zenziwa emhlabeni ngokuqokelelwa kwamathonsi amanzi awela esilingini, omabini anokukhula okucothayo, kuthatha iinkulungwane ezininzi ukwenza iisentimitha ezimbalwa.
Xa i-stalagmite kunye ne-stalactite zidibene zenza ikholamu, amalengalenga enye yeendlela ezibukekayo zenziwa ngokuhamba kwamanzi eluphahleni.