Kana isu tichifunga nezve mupunga, isu tinofunga nezve China. Rice neChina vane hukama hwemireniyoni uye hwepedyo. Iko hakuna kupokana kuti ndiyo hwaro hwechikafu, asi pane chero munhu anoziva zvakawanda nezveichi chibage chinoratidzika kunge chikafu chehushe chenyika, chinokwanisa kupa mamirioni avanhu?
Inorimwa sei, yakawanda sei inogadzirwa, mangani makilo anodyiwa pamunhu, mupunga wakave wakakura sei kutsika dzechiChinese? Zvese izvo uye nezvimwe, mune yedu chinyorwa nhasi.
Mavambo uye hunhu hwemupunga
Ndicho cereal, wechipiri unonyanya kuburitsa mbeu munyika mushure mezviyo. Muriwo uyu, ndewemhuri yehuswa, une midzi yakanaka uye ine tambo, simbi yakakombama ine mapfundo uye maumbure, iine mamwe mashini ekucheka uye maruva akasvibira kusvika machena.
Kune mhando dzakasiyana dzemupunga, mhando dzinopfuura chiuru dziri mukati memapoka maviri akakura kana maspepiki: iyo japonica dzakasiyana dzinorimwa munzvimbo dzinodziya nenzvimbo dzakadzikama, ine yakawanda starch, uye iyo indica dzakasiyana-siyana dzinorimwa munzvimbo dzinopisa.
Zvakare pane zviyo zvipfupi, zviyo zviri pakati, zviyo refu, sango, mupunga wezviyo uye inogona zvakare kusarudzwa seinodhakwa, inonhuwirira uye ine pigmented, uye mune zvemaindasitiri, kune mupunga wakabikwa uye mupunga unokurumidza.
Mupunga muChina
Kurimwa kwemupunga muChina kunodzokera kumashure munguva, pane kutaurwa kwevamwe Makore zviuru gumi pamwe, munguva yaanozivikanwa Emperor Shennong. Gare gare, hupfumi hweChinese hwakawedzera pamwe neRwizi Yangzi, nemamiriro ekunze akakodzera ekurima mupunga.
Pakutanga, vakapfuma chete ndivo vaigona kudya mupunga, asi gare gare, munguva dzeumambo dzaHan yakava yakakurumbira kudya kwemazuva ese. Ichokwadi ndechekuti kubudirira kwemupunga ndiko kuti kunze kwezvose zviri nyore kuchengeta nekubika, uye kana ichibatanidzwa neimwe yeAsia classic, soya, inova chikafu chekudya.
Saka, kubudirira kana kukundikana kwekurimwa kwemupunga kwave uye kuchiri iko kiyi kune hutano hwenyika. Izvo zvese zvinogona kutungamira kumatumbu akazara kana nzara inotyisa uye zvese izvi zvakatoitika kuvanhu vechiChinese nekufamba kwenguva.
Nekudaro, iyo tekinoroji inoshandiswa kurimwa kwemupunga yave zvakare uye yakakosha. Kunyanya izvo zvine chekuita nekudiridza kwepasi kuchengetedza huwandu hwemvura muminda, inonzi minda yemupunga. Mupunga unoda mvura yakawanda kuti ikure uye chirimwa chinoshivirira kukura kukuru seichi, zvakanyanya kupfuura zvimwe. Kudiridza kunoshandiswa pa90% yemunda wemupunga kuti ukure.
Kazhinji kudzika kwemunda wemupunga masentimita gumi nemashanu uye huwandu hwemvura hwave hudzorwa nemapombi epasi kubva paRwiyo imba. Iyi minda yemupunga inowanzovakwa pamatanda, kutora mukana wehukuru hukuru hwepadenga. Isu takavaona mumaphikicha uye zvinyorwa, akanaka akatsika, nharaunda dzakatetepa dzine mitsara yakatenderedzwa inombundira makomo. Iyo chaiyo nzira yekushandisa mukana wemvura.
Ehe, kurimwa kwemupunga hakusi kweChina chete, sezvo ichikura kwese kwese kwainogona kuwana mvura. Hongu zvirokwazvo, 28% yemupunga wepasi rose unorimwa muChina mumamiriyoni emahekita epasi. Mbeu dzinodyarwa munaKubvumbi uye dzinorimwa munaGunyana, uye kumaodzanyemba, uko kunodziya zvakakwana, inorimwa kaviri pagore, pakati paKurume naJune uye pakati paJune naNovember
Kurimwa kwemupunga muChina
Mupunga inokura kubva pambeu iyo inochengetedzwa yakachengetedzwa mumvura yakadzikama. Kungodaro daro mushure memazuva makumi mana ekuve variko vanoendeswa kumunda wemupunga. Kune zvikamu zveChina uko hove, carp nehove yegoridhe zvinowedzerwa kuminda yemupunga iyi, kuitira kuti vadye zvipembenene zvinogona kunhuwa chirimwa. Mushure meizvozvo, mupunga unorimwa uye hove dzinodyiwawo.
La kukohwa Inosanganisira kukweva paddy, kumirira mupunga kuti uome, wozoicheka nekuiisa mumapodhi. Tsanga dzinobva dzaparadzaniswa kubva padzinde dzotenderwa kuoma dzoga. Kana dzangooma mashizha akaparadzaniswa nehuswa. Zvese izvi zvaiwanzoitwa nemaoko uye zvainge zvakaoma kwazvo, asi nerombo rakanaka nekufamba kwenguva vakagadzirwa kunyangwe zvingave kuti mune dzimwe nzvimbo kuchine basa rakawanda remaoko.
Asi Ndezvipi zvinoshandiswa mupunga muChina? Kunyanya, mupunga unodhakwa unokura kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kwenyika, mupunga unonamira kana wabikwa uye iwo mumapakeji akaputirwa mumashizha emishenjere. Chaizvoizvo, inofanirwa kutorwa mupfungwa kuti mupunga uri kazhinji a zvematongerwo enyika zvigadzirwa muChinese chikafu uye kuti kuvapo kwayo kunowedzera kutapira kana kunhuwira kweimwe madhishi. Inoshanda kuzadza dumbu uye kupomhodza zvimwe zvinwiwa.
Iyo starch inokonzerwa nemupunga wakabikwa yakashandiswa kwemazana emakore muhwaro hwezvivakwa, se dhaka chinhu. Zvakare mashizha emuti anoshandiswa kugadzira bepa, mupunga mupunga, uye zviyo zvevhu zvinova hupfu hwemupunga kugadzira noodles.
Saka chaizvo chirimwa chose chinotora mukana. Pasina kutaura kuti kuvirisa mupunga kunogumawo waini nemweya zvakawanda…
Asi ko bhizinesi remupunga? Chokwadi ndechekuti kuburikidza nenguva kupinza mupunga muChina wawira mumutengo, saka kurima panzvimbo ine hurombo kwave kusakwikwidza.
Maitiro aya akawedzera nekuti nyika idzi dzinodikanwawo mumaindasitiri nedzimba, zvekuti ivhu rakarimwa rinorimwa riri kuramba richishomeka uye riri diki. Pamusorosoro wekurimwa kwemupunga, pakati pema70, mupunga wakakohwewa pamamirioni makumi matatu nematanhatu, kuenda kuma37 muma31 uye angangoita mamirioni makumi matatu makore gumi apfuura.
Kunyangwe chiri chokwadi kuti mupunga ndiwo musimboti wechikafu cheChinese, mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzenyika gorosi inonyanya kukosha, kuchamhembe, semuenzaniso. Uye kunyangwe mupunga uri mukudya kwenyika, ichokwadi icho kukosha kwayo kwave kuderera mumakore gumi nemashanu apfuura. Yepamutemo data inoratidza izvozvo per capita rice kushandiswa kwaderera kubva 78 kilos pagore muna 1995 kusvika 76.5 muna 2009.
Vavakidzani vakaita seBurma, Vietnam, Cambodia kana Thailand zvakare vanogadzira mupunga uye vanotengesa kuChina, saka China haisi mugadziri mukuru chete asi mutengi muhombe. Uye zvichave zvakatonyanya kudaro mune ramangwana. Inotenga kunze kwenyika uye ichitengesa kunze kwenyika, kunyangwe mupunga wakatumirwa neChina uri wepakati kusvika pasi mhando. Kubva 2004 hurumende yakatsigira nekubvisa mutero kurima.
China ihombe uye nekudaro, ine huwandu hwevanhu hunokura gore gore rinosvika mamirioni gumi nematatu, ichafanira kuburitsa kanokwana makumi maviri muzana mupunga na20. Chete nenzira iyi ndiyo inokwanisa kugutsa yemukati yekushandisa mupunga zvido per capita.
Hazvizove nyore, kune ivhu risingakurumidze kurimwa, kune kushomeka kwemvura, kune shanduko yemamiriro ekunze, kushomeka kwevashandi, kuwedzera kwekuda kwekudyiwa kwemupunga wemhando yepamusoro, kukuvadza mamwe marudzi ... matambudziko akadai sekushomeka kwemajini ezviyo, pamusoro pekusangana, pamusoro pekushandisa mishonga yekuuraya zvipuka, zera remadiridziro zvivakwa izvo dzimwe nguva zvave zvichichengetwa asi zvisingawanzo gadziridzwa, nezvimwe.
Ndizvozvo nhoroondo yemupunga muChina.
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