Kwakatangira Raibhurari

Kwakatangira raibhurari ndekwekare senge kweraibhurari pachayo kunyora. Sezvo vanhu vakaona kukosha kwekunyora zvinhu, ivo zvakare vakanzwisisa kukosha kwe chengetedza iwo magwaro ezera ramangwana.

Izwi rekuti raibhurari rinobva muchiGiriki bhaibheri (bhuku) uye thekes (caja). Asi yakanga isiri iyo vanhu vekare vechiHellenic ndiani akasika aya matembere anoshamisa etsika neruzivo, asi isu tinofanirwa kudzokera kumashure zvakanyanya, kunyanya makore zviuru zvitatu. Naizvozvo, kana iwe uchida kuziva kwakatangira raibhurari, tinokukoka kuti uenderere mberi nekuverenga.

Kwakatangira raibhurari: yakabatana netemberi

Sekuziva kwedu, kunyora kwakaberekerwa mune zvine zvibereko Mesopotamia, iyo, kutaura zvakafara, yaigara izvo zvino dzave nzvimbo dzeIraq neSyria. Yakanga iri mireniyamu yechina BC uye yaive pictographic mhando, ndiko kuti, yaimiririra zvinhu nenzira yemifananidzo yakadhirowewa. Kubva pane zvese zvatakakuudza, hazvinganetse iwe kuti uone kuti raibhurari yakaberekerwa ipapo panguva iyoyo.

Mesopotamia, maraibhurari ekutanga

Sezvakaitika mune dzimwe nguva, semuenzaniso muMiddle Ages, iyo temberi nemamongi dzaive nzvimbo dzekunamatira, asiwo zvekuchengetedza ruzivo. Vakanga vari vechitendero vakatanga kushandisa kunyora kunyora chokwadi chine chekuita nezvavanenge vachiita, asi zvakare zvimwe zvehupfumi nezvehutongi zvine chekuita nehupenyu hwemunharaunda

Uye zvakare vekutanga vakatanga kusevha magwaro aya. Naizvozvo, maraibhurari ekutanga akange akazvipira kuchengetedza zvinyorwa izvi. Sezvinei, angave akawanda mafaira kupfuura maraibhurari. Vanyori vechinyakare vaigadzira pamahwendefa evhu, nekuda kwekuti vakachengetedzwa zvirinani. Pakati pemaraibhurari ekutanga aya paive nemaguta akadai se Mari, lagash y ebla, pamwe neiyo ye Ashurbanipal.

Uyu mambo weAsiria aive mutsigiri mukuru wounyanzvi netsamba. Uye zvakare musiki we Ninevhe Raibhurari, pamwe yekutanga munhoroondo yakafanana neiya yatinoziva nhasi. Nekuti kwete chete zvinyorwa zvaive zvakachengetwa mairi, asi zvakare mamwe magwaro ezvinyorwa. Semuenzaniso, yakachengeta zvakakwana shanduro dze 'Nhetembo yaGilgamesh'. Iyo ndiyo yechinyakare inozivikanwa epic kurongeka uye inobata nezvinoitika zvemambo asingazivikanwe, mambo weSumerian guta re Uruk.

Icho chokwadi ndechekuti chinamato cheAshurbanipal chakatanga kuisa zvinyorwa zvese zvakanyorwa zvepasirese zvinozivikanwa panguva yayo muRaibhurari yeNinevhe. Naizvozvo, zvaive imba yemabhuku yekutanga munhoroondo. Asi, sezvaunonzwisisa, zvese izvi zvirevo zvakavakirwa pane zvisaririra zvekuchera matongo zvakawanikwa. Nekuti maIjipita nemaGiriki vaivewo nemaraibhurari.

Makiraibhurari eIkare Ijipiti

Naizvozvo, zvinoita sekunge mabviro erabhurari yaive muMesopotamia. Asi, sekutaura kwatakuita iwe, maEjipitori aivewo nezvavo uye, pamusoro pezvose, vakapa zvipo zvavo kunyika yeshoko rakanyorwa.

Kutanga, ivo vakagamuchira iyo nhokwe kunyora zvinyorwa zvavo uye, apo aya aive akareba kwazvo, vaishandisa mipumburu. Uye zvakare, ivo vakasimudzira kunyora uye kunyange vaive nerudzi rwechinyakare shorthand. Yakanga iri kufona hieratic kunyora, mavaimiririra mazwi nezviratidzo kana kuti hieroglyphs. Asi iwe unenge uchinyanya kufarira kuziva kuti muIjipita yekare maive nemhando mbiri dzemaraibhurari nzvimbo

Iri bhuku dzimba

Isu taigona kukuudza kuti iwo aive akaenzana neyekutanga raibhurari yeMesopotamia. Nekuti idzi dzaive nzvimbo kwaiiswa magwaro ekutungamira. Semuenzaniso, maakaundi ehurumende kana epamutemo masangano.

Dzimba dzehupenyu

Idzi nzvimbo dzaive zvikoro yeIjipita yeIjipita, uko gotwe rakagamuchira dzidzo. Asi ivowo vane zvinyorwa kuunganidzwa izvo vadzidzi vaigona kuteedzera, semamongi ekare, semuenzaniso, vaizozoita gare gare.

Girisi yekare, yakakosha mukutanga kweraibhurari yazvino

VaGiriki vekare vaivewo nemaraibhurari avo. Muchokwadi, ivo vakapa a kuwedzera kukuru kune aya marudzi enzvimbo. Sezvo kunyora kwechiGiriki kwaive kwatove maererano nearufabheti, ruzivo rwavo rwakapararira kwazvo uye, narwo, mukana wekuverenga nemabhuku.

Nezve maraibhurari, isu tinogona kukuudza iwe kuti, zvakanyanyisa kutaura, ivo vaitova senge vatinoziva nhasi. Ivo vaive vasina kubatanidzwa kumachechi ezvitendero kana masangano ehurumende. Kwenguva yekutanga, ivo vaive masangano akazvimirira. Pamusoro pezvo, zvitendero zvechiGiriki, sezvakaita Ashurbanipal weAsiria, vakaronga kugara mumaraibhurari avo ruzivo rwese rwenguva yake. Uye mamwe emabhuku ebhuku ayo akadzikira munhoroondo nekuda kwekunaka kwavo uye hupfumi hwemavhoriyamu.

Iyo Raibhurari yeAlexandria

Iyi ndiyo kesi yevakakurumbira Raibhurari yeAlexandria, Yakagadzirwa muzana ramakore rechitatu BC uye yaive imwe yezvakanyanya kukosha kare. Sezvaunoziva, Alexandria iri mukati Ijipiti, asi kugadzirwa kweraibhurari yayo kwaive nekuda kwevaGiriki apo, mushure mekukunda kwe Alexander Mukuru, vaitonga nyika yeharahara.

Raibhurari iyi yakabatanidzwa mune izvo zvinonzi Kufungisisa, nzvimbo yemagariro yakatsaurirwa kumasimusi uko kwaive nezvose zvakakosha kuti vanyori vakuru nemasayendisiti epasi rekare vararame. Pakutanga, raiisa zvinyorwa zvacho pamipumburu yenhokwe, asi gare gare rakazobatanidzwa codices uye zvinofungidzirwa kuti aive nazvo dzinenge hafu yemiriyoni inoshanda yakachengetwa.

Zvinotendwa kuti yakanyangarika nekuda kwemoto unotyisa. Uye, chaizvo, izvi zvakaitika, asi nhasi zvinoita sekufunga kuti Raibhurari yeAlexandria yakanga ichiora nekufamba kwenguva kusvika yavharwa.

Raibhurari yePergamo

Imwe imba huru yemabhuku emunyika yeGreek yaive iyo Pegamoni Raibhurari, pedyo nemhenderekedzo yeAegean. Yakagadzirwawo muhafu yepiri yeXNUMXth century BC. Muvambi wayo aive mambo Attalus I, muunganidzi mukuru weumhizha nemabhuku. Asi angave mwanakomana wake Eumenides II, ndiani aizoipa kubwinya kwayakanakidzwa nako.

Muchikamu chayo chakabudirira kwazvo, yaive anenge mazana matatu emazana mavhoriyamu, zvakanyanya huzivi uye hwakabatana zvakanyanya neiyo stoicism. Kusiyana neiyo yapfuura, yaichengeta makopi ayo papapiriri, chinyorwa chakadaidzwa, chaizvo nekuti chakagadzirwa muPergamo. Uye, sekureva kwemunyori wechiRoma Pliny Mukuru, raibhurari iyi yaichengeterwa sepfuma yezvizvarwa mabasa e Aristotle.

Zvinotendwa kuti raibhurari iyi yakanyangarika panguva yakaitika moto weAlexandria. Nekuti vatongi vakasarudza kutumira mavhoriyamu ekutanga kune ekupedzisira.

Roma, raibhurari yekutanga yeruzhinji

VaRoma vakateedzera zvinhu zvakawanda kubva kuGreek, kusanganisira maraibhurari. Zvisinei, ivo vane basa rekusimudzira kwenzvimbo idzi. Nekuti munyori uye wezvematongerwo enyika Asinio Polión Kiyi akagadzira iyo raibhurari yekutanga yeruzhinji yenhoroondo muzana ramakore rekutanga BC.

Uyezve, zvakare iyo Humambo hweRoma yairatidza dzimba huru dzemabhuku. Pakati pavo, Palatina neOctaviana maraibhurari, nekuda kwe Augusto, and the Ulpia Raibhurari yamambo Trajan. Dzese dzaive nezvikamu zviviri: icho chemanyoro echiGiriki uye icho chemabasa echiLatin.

Iyo Middle Ages: kuderera kwemaraibhurari

Nekuwa kweHumambo hweRoma, pakave nekutyisa tsika kuderera, kusvika pakuti zivo yakapotera mu dzimba dzemamongi. Naizvozvo, nzvimbo idzi ndidzo chete dzaive nemaraibhurari, mamwe akakosha seaya e reichenau, Monte Kasino o San Millan de la Cogolla, yokupedzisira kuSpain.

Nenzira iyi, dzimba dzemamongi dzakave kuchengetedza nhaka yetsika dzevanhu. Vakachengetedza nekuteedzera iwo magwaro kuitira ramangwana. Kutenda neizvi, mumazana emakore apfuura eMiddle Ages, nekuonekwa kwe makoroji, mabasa ese aya aizivikanwa uye aigona kuchengetwa mudzimba dzemabhuku avo matsva. Asi, neizvozvo, tinouya nyika yanhasi uye ichi hachisiri iwo musoro wenyaya pane kwakatangira raibhurari.