Enjani amasiko ama Mayan

Zazinjani izithethe zama Mayan? Ukuba undwendwele amazantsi eMexico kwaye wabona iindawo ezinje Chichen Itzakwi Usingasiqithi Yucatant I-ComalcalcoNgokuqinisekileyo uzibuzile lo mbuzo. Kungenxa yokuba Impucuko yakudala yaseMesoamerican isenza umdla omkhulu kuthi.

Ngaphezulu kweminyaka engamawaka amathathu embali, inkcubeko yamaMaya yafikelela inqanaba eliphezulu lophuhliso. Wayekwazi ukwakha iiphiramidi ezinkulu kunye nezinye izinto ezime kakuhle ngokuhamba kwexesha; ukulungiselela iinkqubo zopolitiko ezintsonkothileyo phantsi kolwakhiwo lwezixeko; ukuseka uthungelwano lwentengiso olunemimandla ebanzi kunye nokufezekisa inqanaba elibalulekileyo lokuphuhla, kunye nokubhalwa okuphambili kuyo yonke iMbindi Merika. Ukuba ufuna ukufumanisa ukuba amasiko ama Mayan ayenjani, siyakukhuthaza ukuba uqhubeke ufunda.

Zazinjani izithethe zamaMayaya ngexesha lawo lobungangamsha obukhulu

Eyona ndlela yokusondela kumasiko amaMeya kukugxila kwi ixesha lokufika kweSpanish. Kwaye oku ngenxa yezizathu ezibini: lelona nqanaba libhalwe kunye nexesha apho le mpucuko ifumene inqanaba eliphezulu lophuhliso. Siza kubona la masiko ebahlela kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zoluntu.

Inkolo

Njengabo bonke abamelwane baseCentral America, amaMaya ayenjalo oothixo abaninzi. Phakathi koothixo babo, kwakukho Izamna, uthixo ongumdali okwanguye ubonakalisa indalo yonke, ngakumbi ilanga. Kodwa zine Isiphithiphithi okanye oothixo bezaqhwithi; i IPawatun ubambe uMhlaba kunye bacab benze njalo nakwisibhakabhaka.

Kwakhona okubaluleke kakhulu yayisisithixo senyoka eneentsiba, eyafumana amagama ahlukeneyo ngokuxhomekeke kwindawo (umzekelo, eYucatán yayibizwa ngokuba Kukulcan), kunye IQuetzalcoatl, uthixo wobomi. AmaMeya ade anencwadi yabo engcwele malunga nemvelaphi yeentsomi zehlabathi. Yayinguye Popol Vuh, ikwabizwa ngokuba yi Incwadi yeeNgcebiso ngokulondoloza ulwazi oluninzi lwempucuko yakho.

Kwelinye icala, ama Mayan ayenoluvo olukhohlakeleyo ngothixo wabo. Babanika irhafu kubo amadini abantu kuba bakholelwa ukuba leyo yindlela ababondla ngayo kwaye yabakholisa. Kodwa, ukongeza, sinokuthi babulala ukuze baphile ixesha elide. AmaMeya akholelwa ukuba ngokubonelela ngobomi babo, bazandisa ezabo.

Yayingeso sizathu sodwa sokuba benze imibingelelo yabantu. Baye baqhutywa ukuya cela isivuno esihle kunye neminye imiba enxulumene ukusebenza kweNdalo njengamaxesha nemozulu.

Ekugqibeleni, ngelixa iOlimpus yabo yayimiselwe oothixo, amaMaya ayenezulu lawo. Inkqubo ye- Xibalba Yayiyindawo leyo, kodwa elungileyo nembi iye kuyo. Kuxhomekeka kwindlela abaziphethe ngayo, baphathwa ngokuthambileyo okanye ngqwabalala apho.

Imikhosi kaMaya

Okunxulumene ngokusondeleyo nenkolo yayiyimisitho yabantu bakaMaya. Kwakungenjalo kuzo zonke iimeko, ezinye zazo zazingcolisile. Kodwa, kuyo nayiphi na imeko, yonke into enxulumene nezenzo zabo zesiko ngokuqinisekileyo iya kutsala umdla wakho. Siza kukubonisa eminye yale mibhiyozo.

Unqulo lwengqungquthela

Ezi torcas okanye iindawo ezitshoneyo zekarst zihlala rhoqo peninsula yaseYucatan, apho kukho izixeko zabakhenkethi ezibizwa ngokuba yiRiviera Maya. Uza kubatyelela njani ukuba uhamba ukuya kule ndawo, siza kukuxelela ukuba, kwiiMeya, ii-cenotes Iindawo ezingcwele. Babonwa njengamasango aya kwelabafileyo, yiyo loo nto besenza imibhiyozo namadini kuwo.

Umdlalo webhola, ongenakuphepheka xa uthetha malunga namasiko ama Mayan ayenjani

Umntu ohluke kakhulu wayenalo kule dolophu pok ukuya pok okanye umdlalo webhola, omnye weyona misitho idumileyo yamasiko abo. Nanamhlanje uyabona kwiindawo zezinto zakudala ezazisenziwa apho. Kodwa kwakubaluleke kakhulu kumaMeya. Ngamaqela abo, basombulula ukungavisisani phakathi kweedolophu, Oko kukuthi, yayiyenye indlela eya emfazweni.

Nangona kunjalo, abo baphulukene nomothuko bahlala benyanzeliswa. Ke ngoko ibinodumo icandelo lesiko. Njengoko uya kuba nomdla wokwazi ukuba ubandakanya ntoni lo mdlalo, siza kukuxelela ukuba ibikukugqithisa ibhola ngaphezulu komnatha wokwakha ngaphandle kokuchukumisa umhlaba. Kwaye banokumbetha kuphela ngamagxa, iingqiniba okanye isinqe.

UHanal Pixan, umhla wakhe wokufa

Njengakwimeko yanamhlanje, ama Mayan nawo abenosuku lwawo lokufa. Yayingumthendeleko UHanal Pixan kwaye ukhumbule abo ubathandayo ngesiqhumiso, umculo, izidlo, kunye neminye imibhiyozo.

Izenzo zoxabiso ngezivuno

Bulela isivuno sisenzo esikho kuzo zonke iinkcubeko zehlabathi, ezidlulileyo nezangoku. AmaMeya ayeneminyhadala eyahlukeneyo kuyo yonke inkqubo yokuchuma komhlaba.

Nge Pa Puul Bacele izulu ukuba line kwaye kunye sak ha bacela ukuba ingqolowa ikhule. Nje ukuba iziqhamo zomhlaba ziqokelelwe, babulela ngomdaniso we I-Nan Pach. Ngalo msitho wokugqibela, badala oonodoli abavela kwiikhokho zombona, bazibeka ezibingelelweni kwaye bathandaza ngelixa besela ipini, Yenziwe ngombona ngokwawo.

Ezinye izithethe

Gqi beleni, i xukulen Yayingumsitho wokusondela ku-Itzamna, uthixo ongumdali, ukumbuza impilo nempumelelo, ngelixa Hetzmek yayiluhlobo lokubhaptizwa kwabantwana.

Ezopolitiko kunye nolwakhiwo lwentlalo

AmaMeya ayenorhulumente wabo kumkani, nangona yahluke kakhulu kwinto eyayikho umzekelo eSpain, eNgilani okanye EFransi ngaloo maxesha. Nangona kunjalo, bekukho ukufana okuthile. Ookumkani babo babethathwa njengoonyana bakaThixo kwaye, amandla akhe avela kubuthixo. Kwangelo xesha, basebenzise urhulumente wedolophu yabo okanye umhlaba wabo kwaye basebenza njenge ababingeleli.

Ngokumalunga noluntu, ulawulo okanye udidi oluphezulu lwasekwa, ukongeza kukumkani ngokwakhe, ngomnye ababingeleli bobuntu be-shamanic. Inkolo ibaluleke kakhulu kwilizwe lika Mayan kwaye yiyo loo nto ii-shaman zazinamandla amakhulu. Baye bathatha inxaxheba kwizigqibo zokumkani. Ekugqibeleni, ibala lesithathu phakathi kwezityebi kwaba izidwangube, ogama lakhe lalilifa nelalicebisa ukumkani.

Kwelinye icala, bekukho udidi olusezantsi apho i abasebenzi kunye nabasebenzi ecaleni kwelona khonkco liphantsi, i amakhoboka. Le yokugqibela yayiswele amalungelo kwaye iyipropati yendoda ebekhe yazithenga. Okokugqibela, ngophuhliso lwempucuko kaMaya, a ephakathi, enziwe ngabasebenzi bakarhulumente, abarhwebi, amagcisa, kunye nabasemkhosini abakwinqanaba eliphakathi

Umkhosi kunye nemfazwe

Ngokuchanekileyo imfazwe ibaluleke kakhulu kwisimo sengqondo sabantu bangaphambi kweColombia. Babedla ngokuhlala phakathi kwabo okanye ngokuchasene nemimandla ekufuphi kwaye umkhosi waseMeya wawulungiselelwe kwaye uziphatha nawo uqeqesho olukhulu. Kwakukho ImikhosiKodwa onke amadoda amadala asempilweni ayacelwa ukuba athathe inxaxheba kwiimfazwe, kwaye kubonakala ngathi nabasetyhini badlale indima kwezi ngxabano.

Kwelinye icala, la magorha eMaya asebenzisa izixhobo Guqa kwaye ukhombe. Kodwa, ikakhulu basebenzise iifayile ze- atlatl, umphosi ophosayo, kwaye sele ekwixesha leSpanish, ikrele elide okanye nditsho. Ukongeza, babeka imizimba yabo nge isikrweqe Yenziwe ngomqhaphu odibeneyo oqiniswe ngamanzi anetyuwa.

Iidolophu zaseMeya kunye noyilo loyilo, ezona zaziwayo kumasiko amaMaya

Iidolophu zale dolophu yangaphambi kweColumbian bezingacwangciswanga. Ke, yandiswa ngokungaqhelekanga. Nangona kunjalo, phantse bonke baneziko elenziwe ngezakhiwo zomthendeleko nezolawulo kwaye, malunga noku, iindawo zokuhlala ezininzi ezaye zongezwa ngokuhamba kwexesha.

Ezininzi Ubunzima ngakumbi yayiyilo loyilo lukaMaya, ukuya kuthi ga kule mpucuko ithathwa njengenye yezona zinto zaphuhliswa mandulo ngokwakhiwa. Babenabasebenzi abakhethekileyo.

Bakhile izikwere, iipatio, iinkundla zomdlalo webhola kwaye sacbeob okanye ukuqhuba. Kodwa ngaphezu kwawo onke amabhotwe, iitempile, iiphiramidi kunye nendawo yokubukela. Uninzi lwezi zakhiwo, ukongeza, zazinjalo ihonjiswe ngemizobo, imifanekiso eqingqiweyo okanye izinto ezilungisiweyo ze-stucco.

Mhlawumbi esinye sezona zakhiwo ziphumeleleyo zezi iphiramidi engunxantathu. Inesakhiwo esiphambili esineendawo ezimbini ezincinci kumacala aso kwaye sijonge ngaphakathi, zonke zakhiwe kumgangatho omnye wesiseko. Beze kuzenza ubukhulu obukhulu kwaye kukholelwa ukuba le fomu yayihambelana ne iintsomi kuloo dolophu.

Ubugcisa beMeya

Ubugcisa beMeya bunenjongo ikakhulu isithethe, nangona ibigubungela neminye imixholo. Yenziwe ngamatye aqingqiweyo okanye ngomthi, imizobo, amatye anqabileyo kunye neseramikhi. Babenomdla okhethekileyo wemibala luhlaza kunye noluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka Babesebenzisa i-jade yezo toni kakhulu.

Kwelinye icala, kwizixeko zabo i ilitye lesitye. Kodwa ngaphezu kwako konke, ii-facade ezihonjiswe ngazo I-stucco ipeyintwe ngemibala eqaqambileyo. Ngapha koko, babenento ebalulekileyo umzobo oseludongeni. Ngokubhekisele kwiiceramics zabo, babezazi iindlela eziphambili zokudubula nangona zazingenamavili ombumbi. Ngesi sizathu, iziqwenga ezijikelezileyo ezinje ngeglasi zenziwe ngezinye iindlela ezinje ngeroll warping.

Ulwimi kunye nokubhala, kubalulekile ukwazi ukuba amasiko amaMaya ayenjani

Ummandla ngamnye wale mpucuko wawunolwimi lwawo. Nangona kunjalo, bonke bevela kulwimi olufanayo olubizwa ngokuba Iprotomaya okholelwa ukuba wazalelwa kwiindawo eziphakamileyo zaseGuatemala. Ngokunjalo, yonke imibhalo egciniweyo yeXesha leKlasikhi (malunga ne-XNUMX leminyaka BC) kubonakala ngathi ibhaliwe koko kubizwa cholti okanye ulwimi lwesiMaya oluqhelekileyo.

Ngokuchanekileyo inkqubo yokubhala yale dolophu ibaluleke kakhulu ukuba bazi amasiko abo. Kwaye oku ngenxa yezizathu ezibini: yafikelela kwinqanaba eliphezulu le- ukuntsokotha kwaye, ngaphezu kwako konke, siyabazi ngenxa yemibhalo kunye neetekisi abasishiyileyo.

Ngelixa kukho abaphandi abayiphikayo, abanye balatha kulo mbhalo njengophuhle kakhulu. Iisampulu zokuqala zaqala ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX BC. Kodwa ngaphambili, zazisele zikhona ezinye iinkqubo zokubhala zaseMesoamerican ezinje nge Zapotec.

Luhlobo lo Ukubhala okubhaliweyoOko kukuthi, ngokusekwe kwi-hieroglyphics kwisitayile, umzekelo, kumandulo wase-Egypt. Ukuya nzulu kancinci, siya kukuxelela ukuba isebenzisa ntoni iilogograms okanye ukumelwa kwegama, kudityaniswe no Iimpawu zesilabhasi. Kwaye ngoku sele icacisiwe ngokupheleleyo.

Iincwadi ezine zangaphambi kukaColumbian zikaMeya ziyagcinwa. Inkqubo ye- ICodex yaseMadrid Uhlobo lohlulo kwaye lusekwe kwi lwitshiswa okanye umjikelo ongcwele weentsuku kwaba bantu baseMesoamerican. Inkqubo ye- Ikhowudi yaseDresden iqulethe iitafile zeenkwenkwezi kunye neenkwenkwezi, kunye neenkcazo zemibhiyozo enxulumene nonyaka omtsha. Kwelakhe icala, ICodex yaseParis Kuqwalaselwa njengoluhlobo lwencwadana yababingeleli baseMeya. Okokugqibela, i ICodex Grolier, obunyani bayo babuphikiswa kwade kwaba kutshanje, buqinisekiswe kutsha nje njengenyaniso kwaye buqulathe imifanekiso yezithixo.

I-Astronomy kunye nekhalenda yeMeya

Kuninzi okuqikelelweyo malunga nolwazi ngeenkwenkwezi kunye nemihla yekhalenda kaMayan kangangokuba kufuneka uthethe ngako konke. Kuyinyani ukuba le dolophu yangaphambi kweColumbian wafunda ngenyameko izinto ezisesibhakabhakeni.

Kodwa injongo yayo yayingelilo ulwazi lwendalo iphela, kodwa yayine injongo yeenkwenkwezi, yokuvumisa. Njengomdla, siya kukuxelela ukuba bakuthatha ukusithwa kwelanga nenyanga njengezona ziqala zimbi.

Ngokubhekisele kwikhalenda, ooMaya baphumelela ukubala unyaka welanga bhetele nangaphezu kwabantu baseYurophu bexesha lakhe. Balahlula ixesha labo libe ziintsuku okanye ubuhlobo, amanqaku okanye omnye kunye neminyaka engama-360 okanye kuluhlu. Kodwa ngokulinganayo, zazisekwe kumjikelo wexesha elinye elinamaxesha elinye: oku kuchazwe ngasentla lwitshiswa, Iintsuku ezingama-260; i hayi ye-365 kunye nomnxeba ivili lekhalenda, ye-52 iminyaka.

Uqoqosho kunye norhwebo

Okokugqibela, siza kukuxelela malunga noqoqosho lukaMeya. Ngokubhekisele kwezolimo lwabo, kubonakala ngathi babeyazi ubuchule obuphambili. Baye baziqhelanisa nayo amathala kunye nezinye iindawo eziphakanyisiweyo bahambisa amanzi iziteshi. Phakathi kweemveliso zezolimo abazifumeneyo, umbona, icassava, iimbotyi ezibanzi, isikwashi, ujongilanga okanye umqhaphu zazibaluleke kakhulu. Kodwa i ukhokho, ngakumbi ngodidi lwayo olulawulayo, kangangokuba ngamanye amaxesha lwalusetyenziswa njengemali.

Kwelinye icala, kubonakala ngathi amaMaya ayenjalo Abarhwebi abakhulu. Iidolophu ezinkulu zibhiyozelwe iimarike kwaye baba ngamaziko abalulekileyo orhwebo. Iimpahla zazithuthwa zizilwanyana ezindleleni okanye ngephenyane ziwela imilambo zize zifikelelwe Ummandla wonke waseMesoamerican. Izinto ezazithandwa kakhulu yayizilaphu, ubucwebe okanye iseramikhi, kodwa kunye neemveliso zokutya.

Ukuqukumbela, sikubonise ayenjani amasiko ama Mayan, Omnye wabantu abaphambili baseColombia kwilizwekazi lonke laseMelika. Bakha uluntu olunomdla kakhulu kwi-astronomy nakwizakhiwo, kodwa nakwezorhwebo nakwizinto ezixabisekileyo.