Iinkcubeko ze-prehispanic

Amakhulu iinkcubeko zangaphambi kwesispanic kwaye inkqubela phambili yempucuko ikhule kummandla omkhulu welizwekazi laseMelika. Kubonakala ngathi kukho ukuvumelana ukuba kwavela iinkcubeko eziphezulu zangaphambi kweColumbian eMesoamerica naseAndes, ziiAnasazi, iMexico, iTolteca, iTeotihuacana, iZapoteca, iOlmeca, iMaya, iMuisca, iCañaris, iMoche, iNazca, iChimú, iInca kunye I-Tiahuanaco phakathi kwabanye..

Bonke Yayiyinkcubeko eneenkqubo ezintsonkothileyo zemibutho yezopolitiko neyentlalo kwaye kubo sishiye iifayile zesiko labo lobugcisa kunye neenkolelo zabo zonqulo. Kwilizwekazi liphela, inkqubela phambili kwezentlalo nakwezenkcubeko ibibalulekile kwaye imiba ebalulekileyo efana nolawulo lokusingqongileyo okanye imibutho yokuqala yedemokhrasi yomgaqo-siseko yaphuhliswa. Ewe, njengoko uyifunda, idemokhrasi yayikho ngaphaya kweAthene.

Ezinye zezinto ezenziweyo okanye izinto zenkcubeko eziphinde zaphuhliswa kwelinye icala le-hemisphere kunye neAtlantic ziikhalenda, iinkqubo zokuphucula ufuzo lombona kunye neetapile, ulwakhiwo lokulwa nenyikima, iinkqubo zokunkcenkceshela, ukubhala, ukunyibilikisa isinyithi kunye nemveliso yendwangu. Impucuko yangaphambi kweColumbian nayo yayisazi ivili, kodwa yayingeloncedo kangako, ngenxa yobume bomhlaba namahlathi ababehlala kuwo, kodwa yayisetyenziselwa ukwenza izinto zokudlala.

Ngokubanzi babenezinga eliphezulu lophuhliso ekwakhiweni kweetempile kunye namatye ezikhumbuzo, kuba yimizekelo ecacileyo eyaziwayo imimandla yezakudala yeCaral, iChavín, iMoche, iPachacámac, iTiahuanaco, iCuzco, iMachu Picchu kunye neNazca, kwii-Central Andes; kunye noTeotihuacan, uSodolophu waseTemplo, eTajín, ePalenque, eTulum, eTikal, eChichén-Itzá, eMonte Albán, eMesoamerica.

Kwaye emva kwala manqaku ngokubanzi ndiya kwinkcukacha malunga nokunye ezona nkcubeko zibaluleke kakhulu.

Melika phambi kwabantu baseYurophu, inkcubeko yangaphambi kweSpanishi

Xa sicinga nge-pre-Columbian okanye i-pre-Hispanic America, amagama amabini esihlala sisebenzisa ngokufanayo, kodwa nangona kunjalo sinama-nuances awo, siphantse sihlale siye kwi-Inca Empire, kwi-Mayas nakwi-Aztec, nangona kunjalo ngasemva (okanye ngaphambili, kuxhomekeke ngenkangeleko) yezi nkcubeko zibalulekileyo zininzi kakhulu.

Njengoko unokucinga Ixesha langaphambi kwekoloniyali laseMelika lisusela ekufikeni kwabantu bokuqala, ukusuka eAsia ukuya eBering kunye neNevithic Revolution, ukuya ekufikeni kukaColumbus ngo-1492. Kwaye nakwingcinga yethu ngokudibeneyo sicinga ngeMbindi nase Mzantsi Melika, enyanisweni kungenxa yokuba uluntu kunye nabantu baseNyakatho Melika babengoonothwal 'impahlana.

Iinkcubeko ze-Prehispanic zaseColombia

Phambi kokufika kwabaseSpain, ummandla wento eyiColombia ngoku yayihlala iyantlukwano enkulu yabantu bomthonyama, kwaye nangona bengaziwa njengabo bahlala kwezinye iindawo zoMzantsi Merika okanye kuMbindi Merika, babenophuhliso olubalulekileyo inqanaba lobugcisa nenkcubeko.

Ngokwezifundo ezenziwa ngababhali-mbali abaninzi kule minyaka idlulileyo, kuye kwagqitywa ukuba amaqela amathathu amakhulu eelwimi ahlala eColombia, iChibacha, iCaribe kunye neArawak, nalapho izizwe ezininzi zazineelwimi ezahlukeneyo.

Usapho lolwimi lweChibcha

Yayihlala kwiindawo eziphakamileyo zeMpuma Cordillera, iBototá savanna kunye nemithambeka yemilambo ethile yeThafa laseMpuma, ezi zizwe zilandelayo zezalolu sapho: I-Arhuacos kunye neTaironas (iSierra Nevada yaseSanta Marta), iMuiscas (uMmandla oMbindi weAndean), I-Tunebos (Casanare), i-Andaquíes (Caquetá), i-Pastos kunye ne-Quillacingas (ummandla osemazantsi), i-Guambianos kunye nePaeces (Cauca).

La Usapho lolwimi lweCaribbean

Ivela kumantla eBrazil, badlula indawo yaseVenezuela, iAntilles, ukusuka apho bafika kunxweme lweAtlantic, apho bafudukela kwezinye iindawo zelizwe. Ezi zizwe zilandelayo bezingezosapho: I-Turbacos, Calamares kunye ne Sinúes (Atlantic Coast), Quimbayas (Central Mountain Range), Pijaos (Tolima, Antiguo Caldas), Muzos and Panches (Imihlaba yase Santander, Boyacá kunye neCundinamarca), Calimas (Valle del ICauca), iiMotilones (Norte de Santander), iiChocoes (Unxweme lwePasifiki).

Intsapho yoLwimi lweArawak

Bangena eColombia ngoMlambo iOrinoco baza bahlala kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zommandla. Ezi zizwe zilandelayo bezingezosapho: iGuahíbos (Llanos Orientales), iWayus okanye iGuajiros (Guajira), iPiapocos (Bajo Guaviare), iTicunas (Amazonas).

Iinkcubeko ze-prehispanic zaseMexico

Kwincopho yayo, ubukhosi baseMeya buquka yonke iMeso Melika. Bazinza emahlathini aseGuatemala, inxalenye yeYucatan, eMexico, kwintshona yeHonduras nase-El Salvador. Lixesha eliphakathi kweminyaka engama-300 ukuya kuma-900 yexesha lethu abathi baziwa njengeXesha lesiqhelo, ngequbuliso, enye yeemfihlakalo ezinkulu, ekuphakameni kwayo, bawa kwaye banyamalala, ithiyori zamva nje malunga noku zithetha ngongcoliseko. zamanzi njengezinto ezibangele ukutshona kwelanga.

Kwiminyaka engamakhulu amabini kamva eChichén Itzá baphinde bavela, kodwa babesele bengabantu ababuthathaka. AmaMeya ayengabaphathi abakhulu besayensi kunye nobugcisa, abanezakhono zobugcisa bokuluka ikotoni kunye nefayibha ye-agave.

Uyilo lwayo luthathwa njengolugqibeleleyo kwihlabathi elitsha, elinemihombiso kwizakhiwo, imizobo kunye nomsebenzi ovulekileyo. Kukwimeko efanayo ekubhaleni okugqwesa yonke eminye imibhalo yaseMelika. Phakathi kwezixeko ezininzi zaseMesoamerica ezasungula ezona zibalulekileyo nezineendawo zazo ezinamabhodlo aseTikal emahlathini aseGuatemala naseChichén Itzá eYucatán eMexico.

Enye inkcubeko enkulu esichonga ngayo ilizwe laseMelika eseMbindini abantu baseAztec ababelawula kumbindi nakumazantsi eMexico yanamhlanje phakathi kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesine neyeshumi elinesithandathu. Bangabantu abathi, ngokusebenzisana kwezomkhosi namanye amaqela kunye noluntu, bafumana ukwanda ngokukhawuleza. Emva kokubhubha kukaMoctezuma II ngo-1520, kwabonakala ubuthathaka kobu bukhosi bukhulu, obuvela kolo lwando lukhawulezileyo, olwenza kwalula ukuba iSpanish, eyayikhokelwa nguHernán Cortés, boyise obu bukhosi bukhulu. Imisebenzi yezoqoqosho yale mpucuko yayikwezolimo kunye nezorhwebo.

Iinkcubeko ze-Prehispanic zasePeru

Ukunyuka kwamaInca kususela kwinkulungwane ye-XNUMX, ekupheleni, xa uhlanga oluncinane lwahlala kwintlambo yaseCuzco, ePeru, lwaza lwaseka ikomkhulu lalo. Ukusuka apho boyisa zonke izizwe zide zibe bubukhosi obukhulu obunamasiko, iintsomi kunye nembono yehlabathi ihleli kwabanye abantu belizwekazi. Enye yezinto ezitsala umdla Obu bukhosi kukuba benziwa kwiminyaka engama-50. Ulwimi lwayo olusemthethweni sisiQuechua. Kwaye imisebenzi yabo yezoqoqosho yayisekwe kwezolimo, ukuzingela nokuloba, urhwebo, kunye nokombiwa kwemigodi.
Ngaphambi kokuqukumbela, ndingathanda ukukhumbuza ukuba nangona ii-Incas, iiMayas kunye nama-Aztec ibiyimpucuko ebineyona mibala ibalulekileyo, ibingengobantu belo xesha kuphuhliso lwabo, ibingengabo bodwa.