Babenjani abaseGibhithe lasendulo

Wake wazibuza ukuthi baseGibhithe lasendulo babenjani? Kwakho enye yezimpucuko ezibaluleke kakhulu zasendulo, kanye neMesopotamiya, amaGrikhi kanye namaRoma. Yikho kanye lokhu kuthuthukiswa abakuzuzile okusivumele ukuba sishiye abaningi befa imisebenzi yobuciko ezisinikeza imininingwane ebanzi mayelana nokuthi impilo yabo yansuku zonke yayinjani.

Ngenxa yakhe, sinolwazi ngamasiko abo, inkolo yabo, indlela yabo yokuzibusa, ukwakheka komphakathi wabo kanye nemfashini elandelwa amakilasi acebe kakhulu. Uma ufuna ukwazi ukuthi amaGibhithe asendulo ayenjani, sikukhuthaza ukuthi uqhubeke ufunde.

Indlela abaseGibhithe lasendulo ababehlala ngayo

Impucuko yasendulo yaseGibhithe yahlala cishe amakhulu amathathu eminyaka. Iqale ukukhula ngokuzungeza umzila ophakathi we Umfula iNayile Ngonyaka 3.100 BC futhi kwacinywa kanjalo emhlabeni 31 emva kukaKristu, lapho yangena eMbusweni WaseRoma. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, badala isiko elisasimangaza nanamuhla ngezinga lokuthuthuka kwalo. Ake sibone izici zayo eziyinhloko.

Babenjani abaseGibhithe lasendulo: ukubukeka komzimba

Ngokunengqondo, phakathi namakhulu amathathu eminyaka, ukubukeka komzimba kwabaseGibhithe kushintshe kakhulu. Kepha, uma kufanele sithembe izethulo ezingokomfanekiso abasishiyele zona, mhlawumbe zenziwe ngakolunye uhlangothi, singafinyelela eziphethweni ezithile.

Ngakho-ke, singahlukanisa izakhamizi zomfula iNayile zibe amaqembu amabili amakhulu. Phakathi kokunye, amalungu ezigaba ezikhethekile ayemade futhi ezacile, enobuso obuyisiyingi, ibunzi elixegayo, nekhala elide, eliqondile. Babejwayele ukuphuca amakhanda abo ukugqoka ama-wigi aqondile amnyama okwakungamakhanda ekhanda okuwumkhosi.

Ngokuphambene nalokho, amalungu ezigaba ezicebile kancane ayemfishane futhi akhiwe kakhulu. Babenekhala eliyisicaba nezinwele ezisontekile kodwa zemvelo, ngoba babengenayo imali yokuthenga amawigi.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isikhathi sokuphila eGibhithe lasendulo sasiseduze iminyaka engamashumi amane ngokwesilinganiso. Kepha, njengoba ungacabanga, abantu abasezingeni eliphakeme baphila isikhathi eside kakhulu kunabanye, benziwa imisebenzi enzima futhi engabongi kakhulu.

Izifo ezivamile osebeni loMfula iNayile ngaleso sikhathi zaziyi- is scurvy futhi i sofuba, okwathi ngaleso sikhathi zazibulala futhi zaqeda inani labantu.

Umndeni, impilo yomphakathi kanye nohulumeni

Njengoba kwenzeka kithina, umndeni wawuyinto ebaluleke kakhulu kwabaseGibhithe. Umshado wawuthathwa njenge- isimo ekahle lomuntu nokufika kwengane entsha kwaba kugujwa kakhulu, yize kamuva bezofundiswa ngamathuba ngamunye ngamunye. Izingane zamakilasi abathobekile babefunda umsebenzi wabazali bakhe, ngenkathi amantombazane ehliselwa umsebenzi wasendlini. Ngokuphambene nalokho, izingane ezisezingeni eliphakeme zafundiswa kuqala yizigqila futhi, kamuva, ezinhlotsheni ezithile zezikole lapho zafunda khona ukufunda nokubhala, inkolo nezibalo. Abokugcina babizwa Izindlu Zokuphila.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abaseGibhithe lasendulo bashada besebancane kakhulu, cishe iminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu yabo futhi nabangaba yishumi nambili babo. Vele, bekukunengqondo ukubheka isikhathi sakhe esifushane sokuphila.

Ngokuqondene nokuphila komphakathi, kwakukhona imidlalo ethandwa kakhulu njenge bill, okubhekwa njengesinye sezibonelo ze-backgammon yamanje. Kodwa babeyithanda nemidlalo. Eqinisweni, bayacatshangelwa abasunguli bebhaluni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, babenamakhono e ukulwa, the ukugijima, the susa futhi i umcibisheli. Baze bazijwayeza ukwenza into efana naleyo isibhakela.

Kuzoba nelukuluku lokwazi ukwazi ukuthi isiphuzo esiyintandokazi sabaseGibhithe Ubhiya nokuthi babenezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zayo. Okwaziswa kakhulu yilokho ababekubiza sibongileYize ibitholakala kuphela kwabambalwa abanelungelo. Baphinde badla newayini ngobuningi futhi, maqondana nokudla, bathande inyama nenhlanzi futhi bayazisa kakhulu imikhiqizo efana amafutha, lo honey, the izithelo futhi i dulces.

La indlu owaseGibhithe Ephakathi wawunesizotha, unezindonga ze-Adobe ezipendwe mhlophe. Babejwayele ukuba nakho isitezi esisodwa futhi balinganisa phakathi kwamamitha-skwele angamashumi amane nekhulu namashumi amabili ngokwengcebo yomndeni owawuhlala kuwo. Babenamafasitela amancane futhi abantu abahlanu kuya kwabayishumi bahlala kuwo.

Nokho, abaseGibhithe babehlonipha inhlanzeko. Eqinisweni, bayacatshangelwa abasunguli bamazinyo futhi, ngokusho kweminye imithombo, ye izimonyo. Ngokwengxenye enkulu, lokhu bekungenxa yokuthi nabo banikeze kubaluleke kakhulu kuma-aesthetics.

Inhlangano yezepolitiki yayinekhanda elingenakuphikwa: i UFaro, lapho kwakhonjiswa izakhiwo zaphezulu. Bese kuba nezikhulu eziphezulu zombuso, ezibizwa ababhali, futhi abapristi. Ngemuva kwalokho kwafika i- idolobha elisobala, eyayizinikele ikakhulu emisebenzini yezandla nakwezolimo.

Ekugcineni, kwakukhona izigqila ukuthi nabo babenakho amalungelo athile. Ngokomthetho, abanikazi babo kwakudingeka babanikeze ukudla nendawo yokuhlala, kodwa nezimpahla zokugqoka neminye imikhiqizo. Babengathenga ngisho nomhlaba futhi bathole imali, into engacabangeki ngezigqila zeminye imibuso yangaleso sikhathi.

Babenjani abaseGibhithe lasendulo: inkolo nemikhosi

Inkolo eGibhithe lasendulo yayihlala njalo onkulunkulu abaningi. UFaro kuphela Amenhotep IV wavunyelwa ukushiya unkulunkulu oyedwa kuphela: I-Aten (okunye ukunxusa kwe- Ra) futhi wazibiza ngokuthi ungumxhumanisi phakathi kwakhe namadoda. Kodwa-ke indodana yakhe, edumile UTutankhamunUbuyele ekukholelweni konkulunkulu abaningi, kakhulu ngaphansi kwethonya labapristi ababephelelwe ngamandla kunokuba azenzele yena.

Onkulunkulu babemelwe ngezici anthropomorphic, yize kwezinye izimo bangezwa amakhanda ezilwane obekubhekiswe kakhulu emandleni akhe. Ngokwesibonelo, Horus Wayemelwe ngekhanda likaklebe, Anubis kwenja, Sobek ingwenya futhi Seth nomunye ofana nowempisi. Abokugcina, u-Aten noma uRa, uShu, uGeb, uTecnut, uNephthys, u-Osiris no-Isis, bakha Ennead waseHeliopolis, elinye lamaqembu abaluleke kakhulu onkulunkulu.

Ngokuphathelene nemikhosi yenkolo, mhlawumbe akekho umuntu owayenenqwaba efana neyabaseGibhithe. Abazange nje kuphela bakhethe njengezinto zokukhulekelwa kwezilwane eziningi, kepha ngisho nezitshalo.

Ukuze bagubhe futhi bahloniphe onkulunkulu babo, babegubha imikhosi ehlukahlukene. Mhlawumbe okuhlonipheke kakhulu ukubizwa Umkhosi Wezililo ze-Isis, eyayenzelwe ukukhala futhi yenzeka ngenyanga kaNovemba. Ngokufanayo, ngesikhathi sasebusika solstice Sesha u-Osiris. Lo kwakungomunye wonkulunkulu abahlonishwa kakhulu ngabaseGibhithe, ngoba nabo babebungaza i U-Osiris uphinde wavela, ukufa kwakhe noma Idili leMbewu nokuvuka kwakhe.

U-Isis uphinde wathola ukuhlonishwa okuningana ngasekupheleni konyaka. Isibonelo esihle sabo kwakuyi- Ama-seas noma idili lokuHlanzwa kwe-Isis, okwenzeka ebusika. Ngamafuphi, eminye imikhosi yenkolo yalowo mphakathi kwakuyi- IBella Fiesta del Valle, yemvelo yomngcwabo nalapho umndeni kaFaro ubambe iqhaza kuyo; I-Laginoforia, iqoqo lemikhosi ehambisana newayini nokuthi igama lazo liyi-lágino, isitsha lapho kuthuthwa khona leso siphuzo, kanye iqembu eliphikisayo, okubuye kwaqinisa ubudlelwano phakathi kuka-Amun-Re noFaro uqobo.

Isayensi

AbaseGibhithe lasendulo babenjalo abasunguli abakhulu. Kulungile, phakathi kokunye, i-papyrus, amakhandlela noma izingidi, ukusho izinto ezintathu kuphela zokusetshenziswa kwansuku zonke. Kepha, ngokujule kakhulu, bavelela bona ukuthuthuka kwezibalo kanye neJiyomethri. Eqinisweni, amaGrikhi uHerodotus noStrabo babona ukuthi abantu babo babezuze njengefa kwabaseGibhithe.

Asidingi ukukutshela ngomthamo ababenawo wokwakha ngoba kwanele ukubona amaphiramidi noma amathempeli ashiyelwe thina ukukubona. Ngokuqondene namakhemikhali, kubonakala sengathi nawo ayenjalo osokhemisi abakhulu. Kukholakala ukuthi, njengoba sikutshele, babe ngabokuqala ukudala izimonyo futhi basebenzise i- ingilazi kanye nodaka lukalamula.

Ekugcineni, maqondana nomuthi, bafinyelele kithi izivumelwano ezahlukahlukene ngendaba yeGibhithe lasendulo. Isibonelo, yena U-Edwin Smith Papyrus, kubhekwe njengombhalo wokuqala owaziwayo wokuhlinza (ngekhulu le-XNUMX BC); eyodwa ye Izindlebe, okuyifomu eliwusizo lodokotela, noma elilodwa le- lahun, ku-gynaecology. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umGibhithe wayengudokotela wokuqala owaziwayo: UHesy-Ra, owaphila ngonyaka ka-3.000 BC.

Babenjani abaseGibhithe lasendulo: ubuciko

Impela ubuciko ukuthi sikweleta okuningi esikwaziyo ngeGibhithe lasendulo. Ngenxa yobukhazikhazi bakhe kwezokudweba nokubaza, sithole imininingwane ebalulekile ngempilo yakhe nangamasiko akhe. Kubukeka sengathi bayithandile i- umabhebhana futhi okungenakugwemeka ukuthi sikhuluma nawe mayelana nocingo Iphrofayili yaseGibhithe.

Empeleni, le ndlela yokufuna ukwazi yokuveza izidalwa kungenxa yomqondo omele obizwa ngokuthi "Ngokubukeka"  futhi isizathu esiyinhloko sokuba khona kwaba umbono womlingo lelo dolobha lalinobuciko. Ngamanye amagama, izibalo ezimelwe kungenzeka zibe ehlonishwayo futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ezinye izingxenye zazibheke phambili kanti ezinye zazisemaceleni ukuze zibonakale ngokwamukelekayo kuzo zonke izinhlangothi.

Ekuphetheni, uma ubuzibuza ukuthi baseGibhithe lasendulo babenjani, kufanele wazi ukuthi bakha enye yezimpucuko eziphambili kakhulu zesikhathi sayo. Yize, njengoba kwenzeka njalo ngemiphakathi ethuthukile, kungagcina kuncike kwabanye ekukhuphukeni okufana ne- IsiGreek nowaseRoma ngaleso sikhathi.