Izinhlamvu zemali zasendulo zaseGibhithe

Kuwo wonke umlando omude waseGibhithe dinero njengoba sazi ukuthi lidlale indima ebalulekile ezikhathini zakamuva nje. I- izinhlamvu zemali zasendulo zaseGibhithe kuvela kuphela esigabeni sokugcina, leso se- IPtolemaic Egypt.

Kwaphela iminyaka eyizinkulungwane, ukuhweba kwenziwa ngokushintshana. Emphakathini we-agrarian ne-autarkic ofana nalowo wombuso wamaharahara, ukushintshaniswa kwezimpahla kwakwenziwa ngamabele nangemikhiqizo eyisisekelo.

Njengoba impucuko yaseGibhithe yathuthuka futhi yaba yinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe, yehlukile Izinyathelo zesisindo futhi izinhlelo zahlelwa ukwenza inqubo yokushintshana ifane futhi isebenze ngokwengeziwe.

En U-El-Amarna Kutholakale imigoqo yegolide namasongo okungenzeka ukuthi asetshenziswa njengemali cishe nge-1.300 BC, yize kungekho bufakazi obungokomlando kulokhu. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi sekungamakhulu eminyaka igolide liyinto eyaziwayo esetshenziswa abakhandi begolide baseGibhithe lasendulo, hhayi isiliva, okwakuthathwa njengensimbi eyivelakancane nengavamile.

Empeleni imali eqanjiwe (izinhlamvu zemali zegolide, zesiliva nezethusi ezase ziqalile ukusetshenziswa eGrisi nase-Asia Minor) zafika kuphela emazweni aseGibhithe ekupheleni koMbuso Omusha, cishe ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX BC ngokuhweba namaGrikhi namaFenike. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi kwakuyikho ufaro wokugcina wobukhosi bokugcina, I-Nectanebo II, owakha izinhlamvu zemali kuphela ezaziwayo: izitebele zegolide zenani elikhulu lomlando kanye nenombolo, yize zingakaze zize ukuzungeza ezweni leNayile njengendlela yokukhokha.

Izinhlamvu zemali zePtolemaic Egypt

Maphakathi nekhulu le-XNUMX BC iGibhithe laba yingxenye yombuso omkhulu owakhiwa ngu U-Alexander the Great. Ngemuva kokushona kwakhe, ojenene bakhe nabangane (ababizwa kanjalo ama-diadocos) ukunqoba kwabelwana ngakho. TO UPtolemy IGibhithe yawa. Ubezoba ngumqalisi wobukhosi obuzobusa la mazwe kuze kube yilapho amaRoma enqoba.

Ngobukhosi bakwaPtolemaic kwavela ukwenziwa kwemali ngendlela ejwayelekile. A i-mint edolobheni lase IMemphis futhi kamuva okunye okubaluleke kakhulu ku- E-Alexandria. AbaseGibhithe, ababengasebenzisi noma yiluphi uhlobo lohlelo lwemali amakhulu eminyaka namakhulu eminyaka, bathathe iminyaka embalwa ukujwayela ukwenza imali.

Isisekelo semali yaseGibhithe lasendulo kwakuyi- Isisindo sabaseFenike, enesisindo esingu-14,2 amagremu, eyaziwa nangokuthi isisindo se-ptolemaic. Leli zinga lehlukile kusisindo se-Attic, esivelele kakhulu ezweni lamaHellenic, ngesisindo nobukhulu baso: izinhlamvu zemali zikaPtolemaic zazincane kunezinye izinhlamvu zemali zomhlaba wamaGrikhi.

I-Los imiklamo Lezi zinhlamvu zemali zazilandela iphethini echazwe kahle: okushintshiwe kwakuhlala kuveza umfanekiso wenkosi, kuyilapho emuva kwakukhona izimpawu ezahlukahlukene ezinjengokhozi olukhanyiswe umbani, noma izithixo zonkulunkulu basendulo baseGibhithe abanjengoIsis no-Osiris.

Ngenxa yokushoda kwesiliva, izinhlamvu zemali ezivame kakhulu ezazisetshenziswa ePtolemaic Egypt zaziningi zethusi. AbakwaPtolemy bavela ama-estaras nama-octodracmas ngegolide, umabhebhana (njengalesi esithombeni esingenhla) kanye amadrama isiliva, ngaphezu kwe amadrakma ngethusi elikhulu. Esikhathini esingaphambi kokufakwa kweRoma, ithusi laba yinto ejwayelekile, esikhundleni sesiliva.

Izinhlamvu zemali zaseGibhithe lamaRoma

Ngo-30 BC, ngemuva kokushona kuka CleopatraIndlovukazi yokugcina yobukhosi bakwaPtolemy futhi ngokungangabazeki eyaziwa kakhulu eGibhithe lasendulo, iGibhithe laqhubeka laba yisifundazwe saseRoma.

Kwakunoma ikuphi isifundazwe esinezikhundla ezikhethekile, ngoba sasincike ngqo kumbusi. Ukubekwa kokubusa kwamaRoma kwakukuphelele. Kodwa-ke, imali kazwelonke yaseGibhithe eyenziwe ngabakwaPtolemy yahlala isakazwa cishe elinye ikhulu leminyaka.

AmaRoma, ahlala enenkolelo, athola inhlangano yezenhlalo eguquke kakhulu esifundazweni sabo esisha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Ptolemaic Egypt yayine umnotho owenza imali kakhulu, ikakhulukazi e-Alexandria, inhlokodolobha. Ngakho-ke banqume ukungaziguquli izikimu ebezisebenza kahle emakhulwini amathathu eminyaka edlule.

Isiliva elivela ezinhlamvwini zasendulo zaseGibhithe laphinde lasetshenziswa ekuphambeni Ama-tetradrachmas amaRoma. Okuqukethwe yensimbi okuyigugu kwalezi zinhlamvu zemali bekuphansi impela, kungama-30% kuphela. IDenarii negolide akukaze kuqoshwe emaminithini aseGibhithe ngesikhathi sonke samaRoma.

Into ekhanga kakhulu ngale ngqekembe ukunotha kwesithonjana sayo. Kuwo amasiko aseGibhithe nawasePtolemy ahlanganiswe nesithombe sombuso esenziwe nge-Roma.

Noma kunjalo, kukhona udenariyu obizwa "ngabaseGibhithe" ezazenziwe kwezinye izingxenye zombuso. Isibonelo esaziwa kakhulu yileso se-tetradrachm ye- UCleopatra Selene II, indodakazi kaMark Antony noCleopatra. Le ngqekembe (ebonakala kule migqa) yenziwe eMauretania futhi ikhombisa emuva isithombe sayo ingwenya yeNayile kanye nenganekwane I-Basilissa kleopatra (Queen Cleopatra) ngesiGriki.