Amasiko we-Prehispanic

Amakhulu amasiko we-prehispanic futhi inqwaba yemiphakathi yasekuqaleni ithuthukile endaweni enkulu yezwekazi laseMelika. Kubukeka kunokuvumelana ukuthi amasiko abhekwa njengaphambi kweColumbian avela eMesoamerica nase-Andes, yi-Anasazi, Mexica, Tolteca, Teotihuacana, Zapoteca, Olmeca, Maya, Muisca, Cañaris, Moche, Nazca, Chimú, Inca kanye I-Tiahuanaco phakathi kwabanye..

Konke kwakuyimiphakathi enezinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi zenhlangano yezepolitiki neyenhlalo futhi kubo sishiywe namafayela amasiko abo obuciko nezinkolelo zabo zenkolo. Ezwenikazi lonke, inqubekela phambili kwezenhlalo nakwezamasiko ibibaluleke kakhulu futhi nezindaba ezibalulekile njengokulawulwa kwemvelo noma izinhlangano zokuqala zentando yeningi zomthethosisekelo. Yebo, njengoba uyifunda, intando yeningi yayikhona ngale kwe-Athene.

Ezinye zezinto ezisunguliwe noma izinto zamasiko nazo ezakhiwe ngakolunye uhlangothi lwe-hemisphere ne-Atlantic ngamakhalenda, izinhlelo zokuthuthukisa izakhi zofuzo zommbila namazambane, ukwakhiwa kokulwa nokuzamazama komhlaba, izinhlelo zokunisela, ukubhala, insimbi ethuthukile kanye nokukhiqizwa kwendwangu. Impucuko yangaphambi kweColombia nayo yayilazi isondo, kepha belingasizi kangako, ngenxa yemidwebo yomhlaba kanye namahlathi ababehlala kuwo, kepha yayisetshenziselwa ukwenza amathoyizi.

Ngokuvamile babenezinga eliphezulu lentuthuko ekwakhiweni kwamathempeli nezikhumbuzo zenkolo, ngokuba yizibonelo ezicace bha zezindawo zemivubukulo ezaziwa kakhulu eCaral, Chavín, Moche, Pachacámac, Tiahuanaco, Cuzco, Machu Picchu naseNazca, eCentral Andes; kanye noTeotihuacan, iMeya yaseTemplo, iTajín, iPalenque, iTulum, iTikal, iChichén-Itzá, iMonte Albán, eMesoamerica.

Ngemuva kwala manothi ajwayelekile ngiya emininingwaneni ethe xaxa ngamanye ama- amasiko abaluleke kakhulu we-prehispanic.

Melika ngaphambi kwabaseYurophu, amasiko wangaphambi kweSpanishi

Lapho sicabanga nge-pre-Columbian noma pre-Hispanic America, amagama amabili esivame ukuwasebenzisa njengamagama afanayo, kepha noma kunjalo anama-nuances awo, cishe njalo siya eMbusweni we-Inca, amaMaya nama-Aztec, kepha ngemuva (noma ngaphambili, kuya ngokubukeka) kwala masiko abalulekile kunokunye okuningi.

Njengoba ungacabanga Isikhathi sangaphambi kwekoloni saseMelika sisukela ekufikeni kwabantu bokuqala, kusukela e-Asia kuya eBering naseNolithic Revolution, kuze kufike ukufika kukaColumbus ngo-1492. Futhi nasemcabangweni wethu wobumbano sicabanga ngeMelika Ephakathi neseNingizimu, empeleni futhi kungenxa yokuthi imiphakathi nabantu baseNyakatho Melika babeyimihambima.

Amasiko we-Prehispanic waseColombia

Ngaphambi kokufika kwabaseSpain, indawo yale ndawo manje eyiColombia, yayigcwele ukwehluka okukhulu kwabantu bomdabu, futhi yize bengaziwa njengalabo ababehlala kwezinye izingxenye zeNingizimu Melika noma iMelika Ephakathi, babenentuthuko ebalulekile ezingeni lobuciko namasiko.

Ngokuya ngocwaningo olwenziwe yizazi-mlando eziningi eminyakeni edlule, kutholakele ukuthi imiphakathi emithathu emikhulu yezilimi yayihlala eColombia, amaChibacha, uCaribe kanye nama-Arawak, lapho kwakukhona izizwe eziningi ezinezigodi nezilimi ezahlukahlukene.

Umndeni wolimi lweChibcha

Yayihlala ezindaweni eziphakeme ze-Eastern Cordillera, iBototá savannah kanye nemithambeka yeminye imifula yase-Eastern Plains, lezi zizwe ezilandelayo kwakungezomndeni lo: Arhuacos and Taironas (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta), Muiscas (Central Andean Region), I-Tunebos (Casanare), i-Andaquíes (Caquetá), i-Pastos ne-Quillacingas (isifunda esiseningizimu), i-Guambianos ne-Paeces (Cauca).

La Umndeni wolimi lwaseCaribbean

Kwavela enyakatho yeBrazil, badlula indawo yaseVenezuela, i-Antilles, futhi lapho, bafika ogwini lwe-Atlantic, lapho bathuthela khona kwezinye izindawo zezwe. Lezi zizwe ezilandelayo kwakungezalo mndeni: iTurbacos, iCalamares neSinúes (i-Atlantic Coast), iQuimbayas (Central Mountain Range), iPijaos (iTolima, i-Antiguo Caldas), iMuzos namaPanches (Amazwe aseSantander, eBoyacá naseCundinamarca), eCalimas (eValle del ICauca), iMotilones (iNorte de Santander), iChocoes (iPacific Coast).

Umndeni Wolimi Lwase-Arawak

Bangena eColombia ngoMfula i-Orinoco futhi babekhona ezingxenyeni ezahlukahlukene zensimu. Lezi zizwe ezilandelayo zazingezomndeni: IGuahíbos (Llanos Orientales), iWayus noma iGuajiros (Guajira), iPiapocos (iBajo Guaviare), iTicunas (iAmazonas).

Amasiko ase-Prehispanic aseMexico

Ekuphakameni kwawo, umbuso waseMayan uhlanganisa yonke iMeso America. Bahlala emahlathini aseGuatemala, ingxenye yeYucatan, eMexico, entshonalanga yeHonduras nase-El Salvador. Kuyisikhathi esiphakathi kweminyaka engu-300 no-900 yesikhathi sethu lapho baziwa njengeNkathi Ejwayelekile, futhi ngokungazelelwe, enye yezimfihlakalo ezinkulu, lapho isiphezulu, bawa futhi banyamalala, imibono yamuva mayelana nalokhu ikhuluma ngokungcola wamanzi njengesici esidale ukushona kwelanga.

Eminyakeni engamakhulu amabili kamuva eChichén Itzá baphinde bavela, kodwa base bevele bengumphakathi ontekenteke kakhudlwana. AmaMaya ayengamaciko amakhulu esayensi nobuciko, enekhono kubuciko bokweluka okwenziwe ngokhuni nocingo lwe-agave.

Ukwakhiwa kwayo kubhekwa njengokufanele kakhulu emhlabeni omusha, ngemihlobiso ezithombeni, imidwebo nomsebenzi ovulekile. Kungokufanayo nangokubhala okudlula yonke eminye imibhalo yaseMelika. Phakathi kwamadolobha amaningi aseMesoamerica awasungula amadolobha abaluleke kakhulu futhi lawo asekhona eTikal emahlathini aseGuatemala naseChichén Itzá eYucatán eMexico.

Olunye usiko olukhulu esikhomba ngalo izwe laseMelika Ephakathi abantu abangama-Aztec ababephethe indawo emaphakathi naseningizimu yeMexico yanamuhla phakathi kwekhulu le-XNUMX nele-XNUMX. Bangabantu okuthi, ngokusebenzisana kwamasosha namanye amaqembu nabantu, babone ukwanda okusheshayo. Ngemuva kokushona kukaMoctezuma II ngo-1520, kwembulwa ubuthakathaka balo mbuso omkhulu, obususelwa kulokho kwanda okusheshayo, okwakwenza kwaba lula ngabaseSpain, abaholwa nguHernán Cortés, ukuba bawunqobe lo mbuso omkhulu. Imisebenzi yezomnotho yale mpucuko kwakuyizolimo nezentengiselwano.

Amasiko we-Prehispanic wasePeru

Ukwanda kwamaInca kuhlehlela emuva ekhulwini le-XNUMX, ekupheleni, lapho isizwe esincane sahlala esigodini saseCuzco, ePeru, futhi sakha inhloko-dolobha yaso. Ukusuka lapho banqoba ezinye izizwe zaze zaba ngumbuso omkhulu onamasiko, izinganekwane kanye nokubukwa komhlaba okusasele kwabanye abantu bezwekazi. Enye yezinto eheha ukunakwa kwe- Lo mbuso ukuthi wakheka eminyakeni engama-50. Ulimi lwayo olusemthethweni kwakuyiQuechua. Futhi imisebenzi yabo yezomnotho yayisekelwe kwezolimo, ukuzingela nokudoba, ezentengiselwano nezimayini.
Ngaphambi kokuphothula, ngithanda ukunikhumbuza ukuthi yize amaInca, amaMaya nama-Aztec kube yimpucuko ebinemikhono nokubaluleka okukhulu, bebengeyona inkathi yokuphila kwabo bonke, futhi bekungebona bodwa.